Effectiveness Monitoring - Time and Space Matter

The goal of this talk is to provide an understanding of how we can link environmental change to management actions. So called effectiveness monitoring connotes a single-minded approach to linking restoration with response in an ecosystem. A more holistic concept of effectiveness monitoring will be presented where many different types of monitoring can be employed in an EM context depending on scale (time and space). The framework of adaptive management will be discussed to help define expectations of scale that mangers and policy-makers expect. Examples relevant to Puget Sound will be shown that illustrate a continuum of monitoring that is responsive on different scales. The audience will understand that while ecosystem change may be slow for outcomes of interest, scientists can help policy-makers identify intermediate metrics that are more responsive in an adaptive management framework

Sympathetic Control of the Peripheral Circulation in Man

Part I: 1. Using a specially constructed plethysmograph the blood flow in the hands and forearms of patients was studied before and after sympathectomy. 2. After sympathectomy there was an immediate threefold increase in forearm blood flow lasting for three or four days in six hyperhidrotic and eight Raynaud limbs. 3. In the bands the blood flow took 24 to 48 hours longer to reach a peak, but the increase was greater, especially in the hyperhidrotic hands, and lasted longer. 4. Preganglionic section was found to cause as much increase in blood flow as ganglionectomy. Part II: 1. The effects of intra-arterial infusions of graded levels of adrenaline on blood flow in the hands of patients before and after sympathectomy, and in the hands of healthy subjects, were measured by plethysmography. 2. An analytical technique was evolved to assess small changes in sensitivity to adrenaline and the range of response of the hands to a series of concentrations of adrenaline was determined. 3. The sensitivity of the hands of patients with Raynaud's disease before sympathectomy was found to be within normal limits. 4. In a group of ten hands tested before and after sympathectomy the mean vasoconstriction with adrenaline was found to increase fourfold after operation, as a result of lowering of the threshold to adrenaline in six of the hands. 5. The concentration of adrenaline required to produce an equal amount of vasoconstriction was four times as much in normal as in sympathectomized hands. 6. Five of the six hands which exhibited a distinct increase in sensitivity had been sympathectomized by preganglionic section. Two of the four hands in which no increase was demonstrated were sympathectomized by ganglionectomy. 7. A further six hands of patients previously sympathectomized for hyperhidrosis or Raynaud's disease were studied at various intervals after operation. Two had significant increases in sensitivity after ganglionectomy and one after preganglionic section. No significant increase was demonstrated in two hands after ganglionectomy nor in one after preganglionic section. 8. Altogether, by the criteria adopted, supersensitivity was present in nine hands, following preganglionic section (6), ganglionectomy (2) and traumatic sympatheotony (1); and absent in seven hands, following ganglionectomy (4) and preganglionic section (3). 9. The evidence was considered to indicate that preganglionic section is no less liable than ganglionectoray to cause supersensitivity of the skin vessels to adrenaline. 10. Supersensitivity was found in tests as early as the sixth day and as late as the 24th month after sympathectomy. Part III: 1. The normal blood flow response in the forearm and calf to 10 minute intravenous infusions of 10 ug. adrenaline per minute was found to consist of an initial marked (four or fivefold) but brief increase followed by a moderate (twofold) but sustained elevation in blood flow. 2. Some evidence that the initial phase is increased after sympathectomy was presented. 3. In sympathectomized forearms the second phase of increased blood flow was shown to be absent and in sympathectomized calves there was found to be, instead, an actual reduction of flow. 4. Intra-arterial infusions of proportionately reduced amounts of adrenaline given to normal subjects produced only a brief initial increase in blood flow in the forearm and calf; during the remainder of the infusions the blood flow was either at the resting level or lower. These effects were considered to be due to the local direct action of adrenaline on vessels in skeletal muscle. 5. The findings thus showed that sympathectomy causes an augmentation of both the initial dilator and the subsequent constrictor phases of the direct action of adrenaline on the muscle vessels. Part IV: 1. All three experimental approaches give consistent evidence that the degree of super sensitivity of the vessels in skin and skeletal muscle resulting from preganglionic section is no less than that following ganglionectomy, in direct contradiction of 'the general law of denervation' of Cannon et al. (1945). 2. The literature concerning the changes following sympathectomy and the circulatory effects of adrenaline is briefly surveyed and certain current views critically reviewed. 3. A hypothesis is put forward to account for the salient changes after sympathectomy in terms of a circulatory redistribution within sympathectoraized tissues causing a higher proportion of blood to flow through specially responsive channels

The migrations and terrestrial habitat utilisation of a population of great crested newts, triturus cristatus. at little wittenham wood, Oxfordshire

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Does Motor Lateralization Have Implications for Stroke Rehabilitation?

Recent findings on motor lateralization have revealed consistent differences in the control strategies of the dominant and nondominant hemisphere/limb systems that could have implications for hemiplegic stroke patients. Studies in stroke patients have demonstrated deficiencies in the ipsilesional arm that reflect these distinctions; patients with right-hemisphere damage tend to show deficits in positional accuracy, and patients with left-hemisphere damage show deficits in trajectory control. Such deficits have been shown to impede functional performance; yet patients with severe dominant-side hemiplegia must often use the nondominant arm as the primary manipulator for activities of daily living. Nevertheless, the nondominant arm may not spontaneously become efficient as a dominant manipulator, as indicated by the persistence of deficits in chronic stroke patients. More research is necessary to determine whether motor therapy can facilitate a more effective transition of this arm from a nondominant to a dominant controller

Self-Images of Women Bodybuilders

In analyzing the data from a questionnaire survey of 205 competitive women bodybuilders conducted by the International Federation of Body-Builders, the authors attempt to find out how these women define their roles. What emerges from the analysis is a new concept of femininity that combines aspects of the traditional definitions with added dimensions of muscularity and body symmetry. They see muscularity, fitness, strength, and health as increasing their femininity, adding to their attractiveness as women, and increasing their sex appeal to men. They do not see themselves as emulating men. Relatively few see themselves as feminists or androgynists

Factors Related to Preference for Online Psychological Treatments Among Active Internet Users

Internet-based approaches to psychological treatment have risen in popularity and have been shown to be efficacious in treating a wide array of issues (McNeilly & Howard, 1991; Lipsey & Wilson, 1993). The purpose of this study was to move beyond evaluation of treatment efficacy and instead identify the factors that might be related to a preference for these non-traditional modes of treatment, which is an essential aspect of rigorous behavioral research. Using an online survey, 1404 self-reported adults in the United States provided information about demographics and Internet behavior as well as measures of personality, depression, anxiety, and attitudes toward receiving help. Finally, the participants were instructed to watch three short video vignettes depicting face-to-face therapy, online guided self-help, and text-based Internet psychotherapy before indicating their preferences for each modality. Results suggest that individuals who preferred either of the two online approaches had significantly lower extraversion, difficulty attending routine in-person meetings, more negative attitudes toward receiving help, and lower satisfaction with previous treatment than participants who preferred face-to-face therapy. It appears that there may be distinct factors that distinguish individuals with an interest in Internet-based psychological treatment from those who prefer traditional face-to-face therapy. This study begins the process of exploring the types of people that are likely to be interested in Internet-based psychological treatment

Higher dimensional Kaluza-Klein Monopoles

It is well known that the Kaluza-Klein monopole of Sorkin, Gross and Perry can be obtained from the Euclidean Taub-NUT solution with an extra compact fifth spatial dimension via Kaluza-Klein reduction. In this paper we consider Taub-NUT-like solutions of the vacuum Einstein field equations, with or without cosmological constant, in five dimensions and higher, and similarly perform Kaluza-Klein reductions to obtain new magnetic KK brane solutions in higher dimensions, as well as further sphere reductions to magnetic monopoles in four dimensions. In six dimensions we also employ spatial and timelike Hopf dualities to untwist the circle fibration characteristic to these spaces and obtain charged strings. A variation of these methods in ten dimensions leads to a non-uniform electric string in five-dimensions.Comment: 28 pages, Latex, v.2 Typos corrected, references added. To appear in Nucl. Phys.

Superstars and Giant Gravitons in M-theory

Following hep-th/0109127, we show that a certain class of BPS naked singularities (superstars) found in compactifications of M-theory can be interpreted as being composed of giant gravitons. More specifically, we study superstars which are asymptotically AdS_7 x S^4 and AdS_4 x S^7 and show that these field configurations can be interpreted as being sourced by continuous distributions of spherical M2- and M5-branes, respectively, which carry internal momenta and have expanded on the spherical component of the space-time.Comment: 13 page