148 research outputs found

    Pantropical variability in tree crown allometry

    Get PDF
    Aim Tree crowns determine light interception, carbon and water exchange. Thus, understanding the factors causing tree crown allometry to vary at the tree and stand level matters greatly for the development of future vegetation modelling and for the calibration of remote sensing products. Nevertheless, we know little about large‐scale variation and determinants in tropical tree crown allometry. In this study, we explored the continental variation in scaling exponents of site‐specific crown allometry and assessed their relationships with environmental and stand‐level variables in the tropics. Location Global tropics. Time period Early 21st century. Major taxa studied Woody plants. Methods Using a dataset of 87,737 trees distributed among 245 forest and savanna sites across the tropics, we fitted site‐specific allometric relationships between crown dimensions (crown depth, diameter and volume) and stem diameter using power‐law models. Stand‐level and environmental drivers of crown allometric relationships were assessed at pantropical and continental scales. Results The scaling exponents of allometric relationships between stem diameter and crown dimensions were higher in savannas than in forests. We identified that continental crown models were better than pantropical crown models and that continental differences in crown allometric relationships were driven by both stand‐level (wood density) and environmental (precipitation, cation exchange capacity and soil texture) variables for both tropical biomes. For a given diameter, forest trees from Asia and savanna trees from Australia had smaller crown dimensions than trees in Africa and America, with crown volumes for some Asian forest trees being smaller than those of trees in African forests. Main conclusions Our results provide new insight into geographical variability, with large continental differences in tropical tree crown allometry that were driven by stand‐level and environmental variables. They have implications for the assessment of ecosystem function and for the monitoring of woody biomass by remote sensing techniques in the global tropics

    ÉCLAIRE - Effects of Climate Change on Air Pollution Impacts and Response Strategies for European Ecosytems - second periodic report 01/04/2013 to 30/09/2014

    Get PDF

    ECLAIRE: Effects of Climate Change on Air Pollution Impacts and Response Strategies for European Ecosystems. Project final report

    Get PDF
    The central goal of ECLAIRE is to assess how climate change will alter the extent to which air pollutants threaten terrestrial ecosystems. Particular attention has been given to nitrogen compounds, especially nitrogen oxides (NOx) and ammonia (NH3), as well as Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOCs) in relation to tropospheric ozone (O3) formation, including their interactions with aerosol components. ECLAIRE has combined a broad program of field and laboratory experimentation and modelling of pollution fluxes and ecosystem impacts, advancing both mechanistic understanding and providing support to European policy makers. The central finding of ECLAIRE is that future climate change is expected to worsen the threat of air pollutants on Europe’s ecosystems. Firstly, climate warming is expected to increase the emissions of many trace gases, such as agricultural NH3, the soil component of NOx emissions and key BVOCs. Experimental data and numerical models show how these effects will tend to increase atmospheric N deposition in future. By contrast, the net effect on tropospheric O3 is less clear. This is because parallel increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations will offset the temperature-driven increase for some BVOCs, such as isoprene. By contrast, there is currently insufficient evidence to be confident that CO2 will offset anticipated climate increases in monoterpene emissions. Secondly, climate warming is found to be likely to increase the vulnerability of ecosystems towards air pollutant exposure or atmospheric deposition. Such effects may occur as a consequence of combined perturbation, as well as through specific interactions, such as between drought, O3, N and aerosol exposure. These combined effects of climate change are expected to offset part of the benefit of current emissions control policies. Unless decisive mitigation actions are taken, it is anticipated that ongoing climate warming will increase agricultural and other biogenic emissions, posing a challenge for national emissions ceilings and air quality objectives related to nitrogen and ozone pollution. The O3 effects will be further worsened if progress is not made to curb increases in methane (CH4) emissions in the northern hemisphere. Other key findings of ECLAIRE are that: 1) N deposition and O3 have adverse synergistic effects. Exposure to ambient O3 concentrations was shown to reduce the Nitrogen Use Efficiency of plants, both decreasing agricultural production and posing an increased risk of other forms of nitrogen pollution, such as nitrate leaching (NO3-) and the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O); 2) within-canopy dynamics for volatile aerosol can increase dry deposition and shorten atmospheric lifetimes; 3) ambient aerosol levels reduce the ability of plants to conserve water under drought conditions; 4) low-resolution mapping studies tend to underestimate the extent of local critical loads exceedance; 5) new dose-response functions can be used to improve the assessment of costs, including estimation of the value of damage due to air pollution effects on ecosystems, 6) scenarios can be constructed that combine technical mitigation measures with dietary change options (reducing livestock products in food down to recommended levels for health criteria), with the balance between the two strategies being a matter for future societal discussion. ECLAIRE has supported the revision process for the National Emissions Ceilings Directive and will continue to deliver scientific underpinning into the future for the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution

    ECLAIRE third periodic report

    Get PDF
    The ÉCLAIRE project (Effects of Climate Change on Air Pollution Impacts and Response Strategies for European Ecosystems) is a four year (2011-2015) project funded by the EU's Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7)

    Apports de la modélisation structure-fonction des transferts d'azote à différentes échelles pour raisonner la gestion de l'azote et de l'espace dans les agro-écosystÚmes.

    No full text
    Facing the food needs of a growing population, global agriculture faces multiple challenges (economic, agro-ecological, environmental, social and societal). According to estimates, it would be necessary for meeting these needs that global agriculture increases its production by 70% by 2050, while continuing to provide essential services such as the preservation of air, soil and water quality, landscape maintenance or life quality in rural areas. Agriculture contributes to 10% of the greenhouse gas emissions from human activities and represents the main source of emissions into the environment from agricultural inputs. Better management of resources, inputs and territories, including landscapes, requires a better understanding and assessment of flows especially nitrogen in territories. The general hypothesis underlying the work presented in this report is that mitigation of environmental losses and sustainability of agriculture and agro-ecosystems (economic, agroecological, environmental, social, societal) requires rethinking their structure and thus their functionalities in the context of global change. This general hypothesis was tested in several cases corresponding to different geographical (thus political and socio-economic), scientific and thematic (thus disciplines and teams) contexts and to multiple spatial and temporal scales (from the organ or soil aggregate up to the region through the plant, the stand or the plot, the farm and the landscape scales). My researches therefore focused on complex systems for which modelling is an essential tool in addition to data collected from field experiments or under controlled conditions, farm surveys or landscape inventories. My first experiences in Aquitaine and in Sahelian Africa helped me discover how research can contribute to better management of resources (forestry, agriculture, agro-pastoralism...) at regional scales, using various methods of representation of the structures (remote sensing and satellite data, geographic information systems) and analysis (modelling, statistical analysis of data) of the production functions within territories. The results obtained in my subsequent researches in several INRA teams and in interdisciplinary collaboration showed, using models and scenarios at different scales, the role of spatial interactions between the structures of the studied systems (plants and stands explicitly described in 3D in a first phase, landscapes spatially described in a second phase) and their functions (acquisition and distribution of nitrogen and carbon assimilates in the first phase, biomass production, environmental losses and indirect emissions of nitrogen in the second phase). These studies showed the importance of taking account such interactions to improve the plant and stand management on one hand and the landscape and territoriy management on the other hand, in relation to the management of agriculural inputs and soil and climate forcings. My perspectives are to continue to contribute to researches aiming at better assessing the environmental impacts of agricultural activities, including the understanding and quantification of nitrogen flows and balances and structure-function relationships in agro-ecosystems at different scales. This work will be carried out at least initially on nitrogen flows in relation to carbon and water flows. They may be extended to other inputs (eg pesticides, organic waste products) or other major elements (eg phosphorus). My researches should lead to the production of tools and references (models, databases, agro-environmental scenarios) to test quantitatively (ie from mechanistic, process-based and integrated approaches), various changes in agro-ecosystems. The produced models will be tools to contribute towards proposing insights and recommendations to mitigate environmental losses of nitrogen and/or adapt production systems and territories to global change. My researches have also an applied objective, in the sense that the tools developed may become operational tools for managing nitrogen and space in agro-ecosystems.ConfrontĂ©e aux besoins alimentaires d’une population croissante, l’agriculture mondiale doit faire face Ă  de multiples enjeux (Ă©conomiques, agro-Ă©cologiques, environnementaux, sociaux et sociĂ©taux). Selon les estimations, il faudrait, pour rĂ©pondre Ă  ces besoins, que l’agriculture mondiale parvienne d’ici Ă  2050 Ă  augmenter sa production de 70%, tout en continuant Ă  fournir des services essentiels tels que la prĂ©servation de la qualitĂ© de l’air, des sols et des eaux, l’entretien du paysage ou le maintien de la qualitĂ© de vie en milieu rural. L’agriculture contribue Ă  hauteur de 10 % aux Ă©missions de gaz Ă  effet de serre d’origine anthropique et est la premiĂšre source d’intrants Ă©mis dans l’environnement. Une meilleure gestion des ressources, des intrants et des territoires, notamment les paysages, nĂ©cessite de mieux comprendre et Ă©valuer les flux de matiĂšres, notamment l’azote, dans les territoires. L’hypothĂšse gĂ©nĂ©rale sous-jacente aux travaux prĂ©sentĂ©s dans ce mĂ©moire est que l’attĂ©nuation des pertes environnementales et la durabilitĂ© de l’agriculture et des agro-Ă©cosystĂšmes (Ă©conomique, agro-Ă©cologique, environnementale, sociale, sociĂ©tale) nĂ©cessite de repenser leur structure, et ainsi leurs fonctionnalitĂ©s, dans un contexte de changements globaux. Cette hypothĂšse gĂ©nĂ©rale a Ă©tĂ© testĂ©e dans plusieurs cas particuliers, mettant en Ɠuvre diffĂ©rents contextes gĂ©ographiques (donc politiques et socio-Ă©conomiques), scientifiques et thĂ©matiques (donc disciplinaires et d’équipes) et Ă  plusieurs Ă©chelles spatio-temporelles (de l’organe ou agrĂ©gat de sol jusqu’à la rĂ©gion en passant par la plante, le peuplement ou la parcelle, l’exploitation agricole, le paysage). Les recherches ont ainsi portĂ© sur des systĂšmes complexes pour lesquels la modĂ©lisation est un outil d’investigation incontournable en complĂ©ment des donnĂ©es issues d’expĂ©rimentations au champ ou en conditions contrĂŽlĂ©es, d’inventaires ou d’enquĂȘtes auprĂšs des agriculteurs. Mes premiĂšres expĂ©riences en Aquitaine puis en Afrique sahĂ©lienne m’ont fait dĂ©couvrir comment la recherche pouvait contribuer Ă  une meilleure gestion des ressources (sylviculture, agriculture, agro-pastoralisme
) Ă  des Ă©chelles rĂ©gionales, en utilisant diverses mĂ©thodes de reprĂ©sentation des structures (tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tection et donnĂ©es satellitaires, systĂšmes d’information gĂ©ographique) et d’analyse (modĂ©lisation, analyses statistiques de donnĂ©es) des fonctions de production de ces territoires. Les rĂ©sultats de recherche obtenus ensuite dans plusieurs Ă©quipes de l’INRA et en collaboration inter-disciplinaire ont montrĂ©, Ă  partir de modĂšles et de scĂ©narios Ă  diffĂ©rentes Ă©chelles, le rĂŽle des interactions spatiales entre les structures des systĂšmes Ă©tudiĂ©s (plantes et peuplements dĂ©crits spatialement en trois dimensions dans une premiĂšre phase, exploitations agricoles et paysages dĂ©crits spatialement dans une deuxiĂšme phase) et leurs fonctions (acquisition et rĂ©partition des assimilats azotĂ©s et carbonĂ©s dans la premiĂšre phase, production de biomasse, pertes environnementales et Ă©missions indirectes d’azote dans la deuxiĂšme phase). Ces travaux ont montrĂ© l’intĂ©rĂȘt de tenir compte de ces interactions pour amĂ©liorer la gestion des plantes et des peuplements d’une part et des paysages et des territoires d’autre part, en relation avec la gestion des intrants et les forçages pĂ©do-climatiques. Mes perspectives sont de continuer Ă  contribuer aux recherches visant Ă  mieux Ă©valuer les impacts environnementaux des activitĂ©s agricoles, notamment par la comprĂ©hension et la quantification des flux et bilans d’azote ainsi que des relations structures-fonctions dans les agro-Ă©cosystĂšmes Ă  diffĂ©rentes Ă©chelles. Ces travaux seront principalement menĂ©s, au moins dans un premier temps, sur les flux d’azote, en lien avec les flux de carbone et d’eau. Ils pourront ensuite ĂȘtre Ă©tendus Ă  d’autres intrants (e.g. pesticides, produits rĂ©siduaires organiques) ou d’autres Ă©lĂ©ments majeurs (e.g. phosphore). Ces recherches devraient aboutir Ă  la production d’outils et de rĂ©fĂ©rences (modĂšles, bases de donnĂ©es, scĂ©narios agro-environnementaux) pour tester, de maniĂšre quantitative (i.e. Ă  partir d’approches mĂ©canistes, basĂ©es sur les processus, et intĂ©grĂ©es), diffĂ©rentes Ă©volutions des agro-Ă©cosystĂšmes. Ces modĂšles seront des outils pour aider Ă  proposer des pistes et des recommandations pour attĂ©nuer les pertes environnementales d’azote et/ou adapter les systĂšmes de production et l’organisation des territoires aux changements globaux. Ces recherches ont aussi une finalitĂ© appliquĂ©e, dans le sens oĂč les outils dĂ©veloppĂ©s pourront aussi devenir Ă  terme des outils opĂ©rationnels de raisonnement de la gestion de l’azote et de l’espace dans les agro-Ă©cosystĂšme

    Objectifs et concepts du projet ESCAPADE et du séminaire de clÎture

    No full text
    Objectifs et concepts du projet ESCAPADE et du sĂ©minaire de clĂŽture. SĂ©minaire de clĂŽture ANR ESCAPADE " Evaluation de scĂ©narios sur la cascade de l'azote dans les paysages agricoles et modĂ©lisation territoriale"Objectifs et concepts du projet ESCAPADE et du sĂ©minaire de clĂŽture J.-L. Drouet et tous les partenaires Le modĂšle de production agricole subit actuellement un changement majeur visant Ă  rĂ©duire les intrants azotĂ©s tout en cherchant Ă  maintenir la productivitĂ© des agroĂ©cosystĂšmes. Cette Ă©volution ne se fera pas sans innovations techniques et organisationnelles originales, en actionnant des leviers prenant en compte l'hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© des paysages et l'organisation des activitĂ©s agricoles et d'Ă©levage dans les territoires. Dans ce contexte, le projet ESCAPADE a rĂ©uni des Ă©quipes de disciplines complĂ©mentaires (biogĂ©ochimie, transferts atmosphĂ©riques et hydrologiques, agronomie, socio-Ă©conomie, mathĂ©matiques) incluant des acteurs de la recherche, du dĂ©veloppement agricole et des acteurs Ă©conomiques des territoires. LÊčobjectif gĂ©nĂ©ral du projet Ă©tait d'identifier et d'Ă©valuer des voies innovantes d'attĂ©nuation des pertes d'azote et d'adaptation des systĂšmes de production aux changements globaux. Le projet a mobilisĂ© des territoires Ă  deux Ă©chelles spatiales emboĂźtĂ©es : des sites instrumentĂ©s de quelques km 2 Ă  quelques dizaines de km 2 et des territoires de quelques centaines de km 2 englobant ces sites. Des scĂ©narios de gestion de l'azote ont Ă©tĂ© co-construits aux Ă©chelles classiques de la parcelle et des exploitations agricoles, ainsi qu'aux Ă©chelles novatrices des sites et des territoires. Les scĂ©narios ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©s Ă  partir des modĂšles dĂ©veloppĂ©s dans le projet pour simuler la cascade des processus liĂ©s Ă  l'azote et les pertes d'azote dans les sites et les territoires. Ces modĂšles ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©s Ă  partir de donnĂ©es agricoles et biophysiques acquises sur quatre sites complĂ©mentaires par leurs conditions agro-pĂ©do-climatiques. Le projet a permis une Ă©valuation agro-environnementale des scĂ©narios Ă  partir des modĂšles. La diffusion des rĂ©sultats se fera par des publications et communications scientifiques et auprĂšs des agriculteurs par les instituts techniques et les coopĂ©ratives partenaires au projet. Le sĂ©minaire de clĂŽture est organisĂ© en deux grandes sĂ©quences. La premiĂšre a pour objectif de prĂ©senter et discuter les concepts, hypothĂšses et mĂ©thodes qui ont prĂ©valu au dĂ©veloppement et Ă  l'Ă©valuation des outils du projet : scĂ©narios, modĂšles et donnĂ©es. La seconde a pour objectif de prĂ©senter et discuter les rĂ©sultats majeurs acquis par la mise en oeuvre conjointe de ces trois types d'outils dans les sites et les territoires englobants. ReprĂ©sentation schĂ©matique de la cascade de l'azote dans les territoires
    • 

    corecore