The Determination of Applicable Law in International Commercial Arbitration

Arbitration as means of settling commercial disputes between parties of different nationalities has been a popular and successful alternative to national court proceedings. Moreover, arbitration allows the parties to choose the applicable law governing their agreement. International arbitral rules generally allow the parties to an arbitration agreement to choose the substantive law that will govern the dispute. 1 However, this right of choice of applicable law involves various elements, one of the most troublesome of which is the choice of substantive law to be applied in a given dispute. An arbitrator is bound to reach a decision in accordance with the law chosen by the parties. But what happens if the parties fail to specify the applicable .law, either because they cannot agree on the choice of law, or else because they overlook the issue?2 Should it be assumed that parties who remain silent on this issue do so in order that the choice of law governing their dispute be made by the arbitrators ? If so, is an arbitrator free to apply any law? What rules do arbitrators use to determine the applicable law? Is an arbitrator bound by such rules? This paper will deal with the various factors involved in determining the applicable law which governs the substantive law of arbitration by the parties and the arbitrators. It will also examine to what extent the national law recognizes a choice of procedures or the merits of the dispute in accordance with universal legal principles, rather than those derived from the legal system of individual states, or whether such decisions are made without reference to any legal principles and in accordance with some broader principle such as the Lex-Mercatoria

ANALYSIS OF TECHNIQUES USED BY STUDENTS FOR UNFAIR MEANS IN THE EXAMINATIONS

The study sought to explore and identify techniques of students for usingunfair means in the conventional examination and the possibilities to minimizethem in the examinations in Pakistan. The sample consisted of 280 teachers ofvarious institutions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The primary data werecollected through closed-ended interviews which were held with facultymembers of various departments of Sarhad University of Sciences andInformation Technology Peshawar, Swabi University Swabi, AbasynUniversity Peshawar, Government Colleges of Peshawar, and Brain DegreeCollege Peshawar which were purposively selected. The data obtained wereanalyzed and rendered meaningful with discussion and interpretation. It wasconcluded that there is a chain effect of examination malpractices in oureducational system and the society, as a whole, which is a bad sign for thepresent and future generations of Pakistan. The study recommended that strictlegal actions should be taken against those students who are using unfairmeans in the examinations as well as against facilitators who are teachers,supervisory staff or relatives of the candidates. Honest and punctualinvigilating staff with no political affiliation should be appointed for thestudents’ internal and external evaluation

Experimental studies on the effect of Chlorpyrifos on rats. VI. Population of intestinal mast cells and hypersensitivity reactions.

This study aims to know the effect of the insecticide ”Chlorpyrifos. It is one of the organophosphorous compounds” on the increase and proliferation of Mast Cells MC) in the intestines of rats, and 110 male rats were used for this purpose, they were divided into four groups: The first group was assigned as a control group. The second, third and fourth groups were dosed with specific doses of the insect slave Chloria brevus as mentioned in its previous study (Al-Dursi. The mucosa (Sub mucosa) and the mucosa layer (Mucosa) of the intestines of rats exposed to the insect compared to rats of the first group (control group).This study also showed that a large number of mast cells were scattered in the muscular layer and the submucosal layer, while the mucosa layer witnessed Fewer mast cells (especially in the second group of rats that received a repeated daily dose).mical Examination) that the mast cells (MC) in the muscular and submucosal layer were of sound structure and shape, but they degranulated (degranulated) and emptied their contents of vasoactive amines when they migrated to the mucous layer, especially between epithelial cells, and this confirms the occurrence of hypersensitivity (Hypersensitivity reaction) to cross into the lumen of the intestine

Blooming Artifact Reduction in Coronary Artery Calcification by A New De-blooming Algorithm: Initial Study

The aim of this study was to investigate the use of de-blooming algorithm in coronary CT angiography (CCTA) for optimal evaluation of calcified plaques. Calcified plaques were simulated on a coronary vessel phantom and a cardiac motion phantom. Two convolution kernels, standard (STND) and high-definition standard (HD STND), were used for imaging reconstruction. A dedicated de-blooming algorithm was used for imaging processing. We found a smaller bias towards measurement of stenosis using the deblooming algorithm (STND: bias 24.6% vs 15.0%, range 10.2% to 39.0% vs 4.0% to 25.9%; HD STND: bias 17.9% vs 11.0%, range 8.9% to 30.6% vs 0.5% to 21.5%). With use of de-blooming algorithm, specificity for diagnosing significant stenosis increased from 45.8% to 75.0% (STND), from 62.5% to 83.3% (HD STND); while positive predictive value (PPV) increased from 69.8% to 83.3% (STND), from 76.9% to 88.2% (HD STND). In the patient group, reduction in calcification volume was 48.1 ± 10.3%, reduction in coronary diameter stenosis over calcified plaque was 52.4 ± 24.2%. Our results suggest that the novel de-blooming algorithm could effectively decrease the blooming artifacts caused by coronary calcified plaques, and consequently improve diagnostic accuracy of CCTA in assessing coronary stenosis

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

آئن سٹائن کا نظریۂ اضافیت اور پاکستان کی سائنسی غزل

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mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} Einstein proposed special theory of relativity in 1905 and general theory of relativity in 1905. According to him, gravity is caused by matter bending space and time, and that the two are intrinsically linked as 'space-time' fabric. Speed of light is always the same for everyone. To search a static object in this universe is futile effort. Time is the forty dimension of length breadth and height of space. According to him space-time fabric can be bent and wrapped, so we can travel in the universe with any speed. This theory helps to understand the existence of black holes and wormholes. Albert Einstein's theory of relativity opened a whole new world of possibilities in the early twentieth century. Not only science but literature was also highly influence by relativity. William Faulkner, Robert Frost, William Carlos Williams, and Louis Untermeyer imaginatively incorporated facts of theory of relativity into their work. These writers also used relativity theory to shape both the content and form of their work. Critics have also recognized the impact of relativity theory on modernist literature. Urdu literature was also influence greatly by new trends of relativity. Urdu poets, while describing time, space, universe, matter and cosmological facts, borrowed vision of relativity in their poetry for strengthening scientific vision of the reader. This article is in recognition to those poets who are endeavoring to enrich Urdu poetry with variety of scientific knowledge.</p