Peningkatan Hasil Belajar IPS Dengan Metode Snowball Throwing Pada Siswa Kelas V SD Negeri 02 Jatikuwung Kecamatan Jatipuro Kabupaten Karanganyar Tahun Pelajaran 2012/2013

Tujuan yang ingin dicapai dalam penelitian ini adalah 1) Untuk mengetahui apakah metode snowball throwing dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar IPS bagi siswa kelas V SD Negeri 02 Jatikuwung tahun pelajaran 2012/2013 atau tidak, 2) Untuk mengetahui sejauh mana peningkatan hasil belajar IPS siswa kelas V SD Negeri 02 Jatikuwung tahun pelajaran 2012/2013 melalui metode snowball throwing, Untukmengetahui bagaimana penerapan/pengajaran pembelajaran IPS dengan metode snowball throwing pada siswa kelas V SD Negeri 02 Jatikuwung tahun pelajaran 2012/2013. Jenis penelitian ini adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK), subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas V SD Negeri 02 Jatikuwung kecamatan Jatipuro kabupaten Karanganyar Tahun Pelajaran 2012/2013 dengan jumlah siswa yang dijadikan objek sebanyak 20 siswa. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan metode wawancara, observasi, dokumentasi, dan tes. Teknik analisis data menggunakan deskriptif komparatif dan kritis. Hasil penelitian diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa: 1) Penggunaan metode snowball throwing dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar IPS siswa kelas V SD Negeri 02 Jatikuwung tahun pelajaran 2012/2013, hal tersebut ditunjukkan dengan hasil belajar siswa pada siklus I rata-rata nilai siswa 66,5. Pada siklus II rata-rata nilai siswa adalah 72,5, dan pada siklus III rata-rata nilai siswa adalah 81. Penerapan pembelajaran IPS dengan menggunakan metode snowball throwing pada siswa kelas V SD Negeri 02 Jatikuwung Kecamatan Jatipuro Kabupaten Karanganyar Tahun Pelajaran 2012/2013 dilaksanakan dengan menerapkan langkah-langkah sesuai metode yaitu 1) Penyampaian materi, 2) Pembentukan kelompok, 3) Pembentukan Ketua kelompok, 4) Penulisan pertanyaan materi pada kertas, 5) Kertas dibentuk bola dan dilemparkan, 6) Siswa yang memperoleh kertas menjawab pertanyaannya, serta 6) Evaluasi dan penutup

Expression of Distal-less, dachshund, and optomotor blind in Neanthes arenaceodentata (Annelida, Nereididae) does not support homology of appendage-forming mechanisms across the Bilateria

The similarity in the genetic regulation of arthropod and vertebrate appendage formation has been interpreted as the product of a plesiomorphic gene network that was primitively involved in bilaterian appendage development and co-opted to build appendages (in modern phyla) that are not historically related as structures. Data from lophotrochozoans are needed to clarify the pervasiveness of plesiomorphic appendage forming mechanisms. We assayed the expression of three arthropod and vertebrate limb gene orthologs, Distal-less (Dll), dachshund (dac), and optomotor blind (omb), in direct-developing juveniles of the polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata. Parapodial Dll expression marks premorphogenetic notopodia and neuropodia, becoming restricted to the bases of notopodial cirri and to ventral portions of neuropodia. In outgrowing cephalic appendages, Dll activity is primarily restricted to proximal domains. Dll expression is also prominent in the brain. dac expression occurs in the brain, nerve cord ganglia, a pair of pharyngeal ganglia, presumed interneurons linking a pair of segmental nerves, and in newly differentiating mesoderm. Domains of omb expression include the brain, nerve cord ganglia, one pair of anterior cirri, presumed precursors of dorsal musculature, and the same pharyngeal ganglia and presumed interneurons that express dac. Contrary to their roles in outgrowing arthropod and vertebrate appendages, Dll, dac, and omb lack comparable expression in Neanthes appendages, implying independent evolution of annelid appendage development. We infer that parapodia and arthropodia are not structurally or mechanistically homologous (but their primordia might be), that Dll’s ancestral bilaterian function was in sensory and central nervous system differentiation, and that locomotory appendages possibly evolved from sensory outgrowths

The Formation and Evolution of the First Massive Black Holes

The first massive astrophysical black holes likely formed at high redshifts (z>10) at the centers of low mass (~10^6 Msun) dark matter concentrations. These black holes grow by mergers and gas accretion, evolve into the population of bright quasars observed at lower redshifts, and eventually leave the supermassive black hole remnants that are ubiquitous at the centers of galaxies in the nearby universe. The astrophysical processes responsible for the formation of the earliest seed black holes are poorly understood. The purpose of this review is threefold: (1) to describe theoretical expectations for the formation and growth of the earliest black holes within the general paradigm of hierarchical cold dark matter cosmologies, (2) to summarize several relevant recent observations that have implications for the formation of the earliest black holes, and (3) to look into the future and assess the power of forthcoming observations to probe the physics of the first active galactic nuclei.Comment: 39 pages, review for "Supermassive Black Holes in the Distant Universe", Ed. A. J. Barger, Kluwer Academic Publisher

Performance of the CMS Cathode Strip Chambers with Cosmic Rays

The Cathode Strip Chambers (CSCs) constitute the primary muon tracking device in the CMS endcaps. Their performance has been evaluated using data taken during a cosmic ray run in fall 2008. Measured noise levels are low, with the number of noisy channels well below 1%. Coordinate resolution was measured for all types of chambers, and fall in the range 47 microns to 243 microns. The efficiencies for local charged track triggers, for hit and for segments reconstruction were measured, and are above 99%. The timing resolution per layer is approximately 5 ns

A novel nonparametric item response theory approach to measuring socioeconomic position: a comparison using household expenditure data from a Vietnam health survey, 2003

BACKGROUND: Measures of household socio-economic position (SEP) are widely used in health research. There exist a number of approaches to their measurement, with Principal Components Analysis (PCA) applied to a basket of household assets being one of the most common. PCA, however, carries a number of assumptions about the distribution of the data which may be untenable, and alternative, non-parametric, approaches may be preferred. Mokken scale analysis is a non-parametric, item response theory approach to scale development which appears never to have been applied to household asset data. A Mokken scale can be used to rank order items (measures of wealth) as well as households. Using data on household asset ownership from a national sample of 4,154 consenting households in the World Health Survey from Vietnam, 2003, we construct two measures of household SEP. Seventeen items asking about assets, and utility and infrastructure use were used. Mokken Scaling and PCA were applied to the data. A single item measure of total household expenditure is used as a point of contrast. RESULTS: An 11 item scale, out of the 17 items, was identified that conformed to the assumptions of a Mokken Scale. All the items in the scale were identified as strong items (Hi > .5). Two PCA measures of SEP were developed as a point of contrast. One PCA measure was developed using all 17 available asset items, the other used the reduced set of 11 items identified in the Mokken scale analaysis. The Mokken Scale measure of SEP and the 17 item PCA measure had a very high correlation (r = .98), and they both correlated moderately with total household expenditure: r = .59 and r = .57 respectively. In contrast the 11 item PCA measure correlated moderately with the Mokken scale (r = .68), and weakly with the total household expenditure (r = .18). CONCLUSION: The Mokken scale measure of household SEP performed at least as well as PCA, and outperformed the PCA measure developed with the 11 items used in the Mokken scale. Unlike PCA, Mokken scaling carries no assumptions about the underlying shape of the distribution of the data, and can be used simultaneous to order household SEP and items. The approach, however, has not been tested with data from other countries and remains an interesting, but under researched approach

Performance of CMS muon reconstruction in pp collision events at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

The performance of muon reconstruction, identification, and triggering in CMS has been studied using 40 inverse picobarns of data collected in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV at the LHC in 2010. A few benchmark sets of selection criteria covering a wide range of physics analysis needs have been examined. For all considered selections, the efficiency to reconstruct and identify a muon with a transverse momentum pT larger than a few GeV is above 95% over the whole region of pseudorapidity covered by the CMS muon system, abs(eta) < 2.4, while the probability to misidentify a hadron as a muon is well below 1%. The efficiency to trigger on single muons with pT above a few GeV is higher than 90% over the full eta range, and typically substantially better. The overall momentum scale is measured to a precision of 0.2% with muons from Z decays. The transverse momentum resolution varies from 1% to 6% depending on pseudorapidity for muons with pT below 100 GeV and, using cosmic rays, it is shown to be better than 10% in the central region up to pT = 1 TeV. Observed distributions of all quantities are well reproduced by the Monte Carlo simulation.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

The Formation of the First Massive Black Holes

Supermassive black holes (SMBHs) are common in local galactic nuclei, and SMBHs as massive as several billion solar masses already exist at redshift z=6. These earliest SMBHs may grow by the combination of radiation-pressure-limited accretion and mergers of stellar-mass seed BHs, left behind by the first generation of metal-free stars, or may be formed by more rapid direct collapse of gas in rare special environments where dense gas can accumulate without first fragmenting into stars. This chapter offers a review of these two competing scenarios, as well as some more exotic alternative ideas. It also briefly discusses how the different models may be distinguished in the future by observations with JWST, (e)LISA and other instruments.Comment: 47 pages with 306 references; this review is a chapter in "The First Galaxies - Theoretical Predictions and Observational Clues", Springer Astrophysics and Space Science Library, Eds. T. Wiklind, V. Bromm & B. Mobasher, in pres

Isolated hypercholesterolemia leads to steatosis in the liver without affecting the pancreas

Abstract Background Lipid accumulation in the liver and pancreas is primarily caused by combined hyperlipidemia. However, the effect of isolated hypercholesterolemia without hypertriglyceridemia is not fully described. Therefore, our aim was to investigate whether hypercholesterolemia alone leads to alterations both in hepatic and pancreatic lipid panel and histology in rats. Methods Male Wistar rats were fed with 2% cholesterol +0.25% cholate-supplemented diet or standard chow for 12 weeks. Blood was collected at weeks 0, 4, 8 and 12 to measure serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. At week 12, both the pancreas and the liver were isolated for further histological and biochemical analysis. Hepatic and plasma fatty acid composition was assessed by gas chromatography. Expression of mRNA of major enzymes involved in saturated/unsaturated fatty acid synthesis was analyzed by qPCR. In separate experiments serum enzyme activities and insulin levels were measured at week 9. Results At week 12, rats fed with 2% cholesterol +0.25% cholate-supplemented diet were characterized by elevated serum cholesterol (4.09 ± 0.20 vs. 2.89 ± 0.22 mmol/L, *p < 0.05) while triglyceride (2.27 ± 0.05 vs. 2.03 ± 0.03 mmol/L) and glucose levels (5.32 ± 0.14 vs. 5.23 ± 0.10 mmol/L) remained unchanged. Isolated hypercholesterolemia increased hepatic lipid accumulation, hepatic cholesterol (5.86 ± 0.22 vs. 1.60 ± 0.15 ng/g tissue, *p < 0.05) and triglyceride contents (19.28 ± 1.42 vs. 6.78 ± 0.71 ng/g tissue, *p < 0.05), and hepatic nitrotyrosine level (4.07 ± 0.52 vs. 2.59 ± 0.31 ng/mg protein, *p < 0.05). The histology and tissue lipid content of the pancreas was not affected. Serum total protein level, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities remained unchanged in response to isolated hypercholesterolemia while serum alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) significantly increased. Plasma insulin levels did not change in response to isolated hypercholesterolemia suggesting an intact endocrine function of the pancreas. Isolated hypercholesterolemia caused a significantly increased hepatic and serum fatty acid level associated with a marked alteration of fatty acid composition. Hepatic expression of Δ9-desaturase (SCD1) was increased 4.92×, while expression of Δ5-desaturase and Δ6-desaturase were decreased (0.447× and 0.577×, respectively) due to isolated hypercholesterolemia. Conclusions Isolated hypercholesterolemia leads to hepatic steatosis and marked alterations in the hepatic lipid profile without affecting the pancreas. Altered fatty acid profile might mediate harmful effects of cholesterol in the liver

Performance of CMS muon reconstruction in pp collision events at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

The performance of muon reconstruction, identification, and triggering in CMS has been studied using 40 inverse picobarns of data collected in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV at the LHC in 2010. A few benchmark sets of selection criteria covering a wide range of physics analysis needs have been examined. For all considered selections, the efficiency to reconstruct and identify a muon with a transverse momentum pT larger than a few GeV is above 95% over the whole region of pseudorapidity covered by the CMS muon system, abs(eta) < 2.4, while the probability to misidentify a hadron as a muon is well below 1%. The efficiency to trigger on single muons with pT above a few GeV is higher than 90% over the full eta range, and typically substantially better. The overall momentum scale is measured to a precision of 0.2% with muons from Z decays. The transverse momentum resolution varies from 1% to 6% depending on pseudorapidity for muons with pT below 100 GeV and, using cosmic rays, it is shown to be better than 10% in the central region up to pT = 1 TeV. Observed distributions of all quantities are well reproduced by the Monte Carlo simulation.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Skor Duke Treadmill sebagai Prediktor Lesi Koroner Signifikan pada Pasien dengan Respon Iskemik Positif Uji Latih Jantung

Latar belakang: Penyakit jantung koroner (PJK) menjadi penyebab terbanyak gagal jantung di Indonesia dimana prevalensi paling tinggi terdapat di provinsi Jawa Timur. Biaya untuk diagnosis dan terapi yang dibutuhkannya sangat tinggi. DTS telah diketahui lama diketahui untuk stratifikasi prognosis dan memiliki nilai prediksi yang baik dalam menunjukkan keparahan lesi koroner, walaupun sampai sekarang masih terdapat perbedaan nilai dari beberapa penelitian sebelumnya. Tujuan:Kami ingin mencari nilai DTS yang dapat dipakai untuk prediksi lesi koroner signifikan terhadap pasien dengan respon iskemik positif uji latih jantung. Metodologi: Studi potong lintang dikerjakan terhadap pasien dengan usia 18 sampai 74 tahun yang menjalani skrining PJK dengan hasil iskemik respon positif dan dikerjakan angiografi koroner di rumah sakit Saiful Anwar selama tanggal 1 Juni 2016 –30 Mei 2017. DTS dihitung dari treadmill dari: durasi latihan - (5x ST deviasidalam mm) - (4x angina). Lesi koroner signifikan didefinisikan pada stenosis ≥ 70% di proksimal dan stenosis mid-distal ≥ 50%. Analisis data menggunakan ROC pada piranti lunak SPSS 24. Results: Kita dapatkan 101 pasien yang memenuhi kriteria intrinsik rerata usia 57 tahun, 62,38% laki-laki, faktor risiko terbanyak adalah hipertensi (66,34%), perokok (31,68%) dan diabetes (22,77%). Rerata DTS adalah -5,73, dalam katagori risiko rendah, intermediate dan tinggiadalah 4,95%, 73,27%, and 21,78%. Area under curve diketahui71,8% (IK 95% :60,2- 83,5%)dan nilai potong DTS dalam prediksi lesi koroner signifikan adalah -0,5 (sensitivitas 73,5%, spesifisitas 55,6%) dengan nilai prediktif positif 88,4%. Kesimpulan: DTS merupakan prediktor baik dalam menentukan lesi koroner signifikan pada pasien dengan respon iskemik positif uji latih jantungdengan nilai potong -0,5