Panel 12. Paper 12.2: Public policies, cultural landscape and rural development

This panel incorporates two case studies of cultural landscapes and their management in Mexico and Bolivia. According to a new vision of government after the Mexican Revolution, it’s established in Mexico, in addition to the “ejidos”, a policy of production and settlement in rural areas, based on the generation of irrigation systems. Thus, from 1926 to 1940, “agricultural cities” are designed in the country, among which is founded, in the southern area of the northern state of Chihuahua, a city named Delicias, whose main objective was the production of vine and cotton. However, by 1960, there was a change in production trends, due to external factors, that was understood and dealt with by the inhabitants, which allowed them to maintain their production process and even increase considerably their activity. Due to this attitude toward hardship, they would call themselves the victors of the desert . This paper will describe the founding process of this rural settlement, as well as the territory it occupies and its current status. According to data from the Observatory of Archaeological Cultural Heritage-OPCA, 7% of the declarations of national heritage correspond to the natural category, 1% to declarations made to \u27territories\u27, and 23% of the cultural heritage is located or develops in rural contexts; however, at present no declaration of Cultural Landscape has been accomplished in Bolivia, considering that Law 530 of the Bolivian Cultural Patrimony, defines and incorporates this category in the classification of heritage. On the other hand, at the moment of integrating the notion of cultural landscape in the processes of territorial management and administration, it is necessary to identify which are the factors that can condition these actions. In this sense, the present work will focus on the identification and description of the impact of agrarian reforms in Bolivia in the territorial reconfiguration, being one of the factors that determine the human-nature relationship, through the use of land. The study scenery is the Kallawaya region that administratively includes the municipalities of Curva and Charazani, it is important to mention that the worldview of this culture is recognized as Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (2003), and in its territory archaeological, architectural elements are preserved and productive - linked to traditional medicine, agriculture and livestock - as part of their cultural heritage, they are integrated into the natural context of the region that is characterized by its geomorphology, climate, and articulation from the different ecosystems that are part of this territory

MODELO DE ASOCIATIVIDAD PARA LA EXPORTACIÓN DIRECTA DE TAPICES DE LA CIUDAD DE AYACUCHO-2014. MODEL OF ASOCIATIVIDAD FOR THE DIRECT EXPORT OF TAPESTRIES OF THE CITY OF AYACUCHO-2014

RESUMEN Problema: Uno de los problemas más significativos de productores de tapices de la ciudad de Ayacucho, no es su tamaño, sino su aislamiento que repercute en: a) altos costos operativos. b) no lograr economía de escala. c) no acceder  a nuevos mercados, d) desconocer  nuevas formas de hacer negocio, e) falta de modernización empresarial y reconversión industrial, baja productividad y competitividad, falta de investigación, desarrollo e innovación, f) mínima y deficiente oferta exportable. Objetivo: Fue determinar el modelo de asociatividad que impulse la exportación directa de los tapices de la ciudad de Ayacucho. Tipo de investigación: Aplicada. Metodología: Inductivo y deductivo. Diseño descriptivo-correlacional y no experimental. Población: 150 empresas formalmente constituidas en el año 2014; para recolectar datos utilizamos cuestionario auto administrado; en la tabulación utilizamos la estadística inferencial. Resultados. Como resultado de análisis de datos concluimos que la falta de asociatividad de los productores limita la exportación directa los tapices de la ciudad de Ayacucho.Palabra clave: Asociatividad para la exportación.ABSTRAC Problem: One of the producers' most significant problems of tapestries of Ayacucho's city, is not his size, but his isolation that reverberates in: a) high operative costs. b) not to achieve economy on a large scale. c) Not to accede to new markets, d) not to know new ways of doing business, e) lack of managerial modernization and industrial restructuring, low productivity and competitiveness, lack of investigation, development and innovation, f) minimal and deficient exportable offer. I target: the model was to determine of asociatividad that stimulates the direct exporting of the tapestries of Ayacucho's city. Type of investigation: Applied. Methodology: Inductive and deductive. Descriptive design - correlational and not experimental. Population: 150 companies formally constituted in the year 2014; to gather information we use auto administered questionnaire; in the tabulation we use the statistics inferential. Results. Since result of analysis of information we conclude that the lack of asociatividad of the producers limits the direct exporting the tapestries of Ayacucho's city.Key word: Asociatividad for the export

CADENAS DE SUMINISTRO Y ESTRATEGIAS DE CRECIMIENTO PARA LAS PYMES DE LA REGIÓN AYACUCHO / SUPPLY CHAINS AND GROWTH STRATEGIES FOR THE SMES AT THE AYACUCHO REGION

RESUMENLos principales problemas en la logística de abastecimiento de las PYMES de la Región Ayacucho son el control y manejo de los inventarios, el deficiente almacenamiento y la carencia de sistemas  de información. Adicionalmente, inciden otras características productivas del sector y que en parte  explican el bajo grado de desarrollo en la Industria. Objetivos: Determinar las variables que afectan a las PYMES de la Región Ayacucho en su integración a cadenas de suministro como factor clave  para establecer estrategias de crecimiento. Tipo de investigación: Aplicada. Metodología: Inductiva-deductiva. Diseño  descriptivo-correlacional. Población: 120 empresas formalmente constituidas en  el año 2012; para recolectar datos utilizamos un cuestionario autoadministrado; en el análisis empleamos   la estadística descriptiva. Resultados: La cadena de suministros en los aspectos identificados como dimensiones de cada una de las variables de estudio, constituyen estratégias de crecimiento para las  PyMES de la Región Ayacucho. PALABRAS CLAVES: Cadena de suministros, estrategia de crecimiento.ABSTRACTThe principal problems in the logistics supply of the SMEs at the Ayacucho region are the inventories control and management , the deficient storage and the lack of information systems.  In addition, there affect other productive characteristics of the sector  that partly explain the low degree  of industry development. Aims: To determine the variables that  affect  the SMEs at  the  Ayacucho Region in its integration to supply chains  as a key factor to establish growth strategies. Design : Descriptive - correlational.  Population: 120 companies formally constituted in the year 2012;  we  applied administered questionnaire to collect information; we applied the descriptive statistics in the analysis step. Results: The  supply chain, in the aspects identified as dimensions of each studied variable, constitutes growth strategies for the SMEs at the  Ayacucho region.Key words : supply chain, growth strateg

Problemas Integradores. Vía Para La Activación Del Aprendizaje

The objective of the paper is to offer problems based on the integration of contents that contribute to the activation of the teaching-learning process of students in the Chemistry- Physics discipline of the Chemistry Education career of the University of Camag ey Theoretical research methods were used in order to systematize pedagogical theories that lead to a more active involvement of students in their learning process Likewise the results achieved from its implementation in the educational practice in the last three years are described showing a qualitative and quantitative leap in the quality of learnin

Circuit dissection of the role of somatostatin in itch and pain

Stimuli that elicit itch are detected by sensory neurons that innervate the skin. This information is processed by the spinal cord; however, the way in which this occurs is still poorly understood. Here we investigated the neuronal pathways for itch neurotransmission, particularly the contribution of the neuropeptide somatostatin. We find that in the periphery, somatostatin is exclusively expressed in Nppb+ neurons, and we demonstrate that Nppb+somatostatin+ cells function as pruriceptors. Employing chemogenetics, pharmacology and cell-specific ablation methods, we demonstrate that somatostatin potentiates itch by inhibiting inhibitory dynorphin neurons, which results in disinhibition of GRPR+ neurons. Furthermore, elimination of somatostatin from primary afferents and/or from spinal interneurons demonstrates differential involvement of the peptide released from these sources in itch and pain. Our results define the neural circuit underlying somatostatin-induced itch and characterize a contrasting antinociceptive role for the peptide

Human hippocampal neurogenesis drops sharply in children to undetectable levels in adults.

New neurons continue to be generated in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus of the adult mammalian hippocampus. This process has been linked to learning and memory, stress and exercise, and is thought to be altered in neurological disease. In humans, some studies have suggested that hundreds of new neurons are added to the adult dentate gyrus every day, whereas other studies find many fewer putative new neurons. Despite these discrepancies, it is generally believed that the adult human hippocampus continues to generate new neurons. Here we show that a defined population of progenitor cells does not coalesce in the subgranular zone during human fetal or postnatal development. We also find that the number of proliferating progenitors and young neurons in the dentate gyrus declines sharply during the first year of life and only a few isolated young neurons are observed by 7 and 13 years of age. In adult patients with epilepsy and healthy adults (18-77 years; n = 17 post-mortem samples from controls; n = 12 surgical resection samples from patients with epilepsy), young neurons were not detected in the dentate gyrus. In the monkey (Macaca mulatta) hippocampus, proliferation of neurons in the subgranular zone was found in early postnatal life, but this diminished during juvenile development as neurogenesis decreased. We conclude that recruitment of young neurons to the primate hippocampus decreases rapidly during the first years of life, and that neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus does not continue, or is extremely rare, in adult humans. The early decline in hippocampal neurogenesis raises questions about how the function of the dentate gyrus differs between humans and other species in which adult hippocampal neurogenesis is preserved

Evaluation of the influence of kyphosis and scoliosis on intervertebral disc extrusion in French bulldogs

Although thoracic vertebral malformations with kyphosis and scoliosis are often considered incidental findings on diagnostic imaging studies of screw-tailed brachycephalic breeds, they have been suggested to interfere with spinal biomechanics and intervertebral disc degeneration. It is however unknown if an abnormal spinal curvature also predisposes dogs to develop clinically relevant intervertebral disc herniations. The aim of this study was to evaluate if the occurrence of thoracic vertebral malformations, kyphosis or scoliosis would be associated with a higher prevalence of cervical or thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion in French bulldogs

Paecilomyces lilacinus causing debilitating sinusitis in an immunocompetent patient: a case report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Since the discovery of the first documented case of <it>Paecilomyces </it>in 1963, only five cases of <it>Paecilomyces </it>sinusitis have been described to date and all of them have predisposing factors such as immunocompromised status or prior nasal surgery. We present the first case of <it>Paecilomyces lilacinus </it>sinusitis in a fit young woman with no identified predisposing factors. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first known case in the UK and in Europe.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>A 20-year-old Iraqi woman who has lived in the UK for the past five years presented with rhinorrhea, hyposmia, and nasal obstruction. She was previously fit and well and had no significant medical history. Imaging revealed a fungal infection that was eventually revealed on cytological examination to be <it>P. lilacinus</it>.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p><it>P. lilacinus </it>is both a difficult and important organism to identify because it has intrinsic anti-fungal resistance. In our case, the infection was severe and recurrent, and the organism demonstrated resistance to common oral anti-fungal agents. There was a delay in its diagnosis, owing to its similarity in appearance to <it>Penicillium </it>and a difficulty in distinguishing between the two without specialized knowledge of fungal taxonomy. In the field of otolaryngology, <it>Paecilomyces </it>is relatively unknown. Our intention is to raise awareness of this organism as well as to describe the challenges in its management.</p

LRRK2 is a negative regulator of <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> phagosome maturation in macrophages

\ua9 2018 EMBO. Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are associated with Parkinson\u27s disease, chronic inflammation and mycobacterial infections. Although there is evidence supporting the idea that LRRK2 has an immune function, the cellular function of this kinase is still largely unknown. By using genetic, pharmacological and proteomics approaches, we show that LRRK2 kinase activity negatively regulates phagosome maturation via the recruitment of the Class III phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase complex and Rubicon to the phagosome in macrophages. Moreover, inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity in mouse and human macrophages enhanced Mycobacterium tuberculosis phagosome maturation and mycobacterial control independently of autophagy. In vivo, LRRK2 deficiency in mice resulted in a significant decrease in M. tuberculosis burdens early during the infection. Collectively, our findings provide a molecular mechanism explaining genetic evidence linking LRRK2 to mycobacterial diseases and establish an LRRK2-dependent cellular pathway that controls M. tuberculosis replication by regulating phagosome maturation