A Newton-GMRES approach for the analysis of the postbuckling behavior of the solutions of the Von Kármán equations

We propose a Newton-GMRES-type algorithm to solve the discrete von Kármán problem. We show that this algorithm is efficient both in memory and computation time and robust in the neighborhood of the singular points of the bifurcation diagrams. Placing ourselves in the context of the Schaeffer and Golubitsky theory, we use this algorithm to study the postbuckling behavior of a rectangular plate clamped and compressed along its four sides

Efficient slow-light coupling in a photonic crystal waveguide without transition region

We consider the coupling into a slow mode that appears near an inflection point in the band structure of a photonic crystal waveguide. Remarkably, the coupling into this slow mode, which has a group index n(g) > 1000, can be essentially perfect without any transition region. We show that this efficient coupling occurs thanks to an evanescent mode in the slow medium, which has appreciable amplitude and helps satisfy the boundary conditions but does not transport any energy. (C) 2008 Optical Society of AmericaPublisher PDFPeer reviewe

Flood Hazard Assessment in Agricultural Areas: The Case of the District of Pélébina in the Municipality of Djougou, Bénin

Flood is a natural disaster and causes loss of life and property destruction. Its impacts are large on agriculture especially in West African countries where smallholder farmers account for 80% of all the farms. The objective of this study was to assess flood risks in the inland valley of Dosir located in the district of Pélébina, northern Benin. Rainfall, discharge and water level in the riverbed were monitored using rain gauge, acoustic current meter and pressure sensors, respectively. The hydrological functioning of the inland valley was simulated using the Integrated Flood Analysis System (IFAS) model. The calibration was done based on the land use map (GlobalMap) and the soil water holding capacity map (UNEP). Our study demonstrated the existence of a high flood hazard in the inland valley of Dosir which reacts very quickly to rainfall solicitations. The IFAS model has shown a good performance in simulating the runoff in the riverbed of the inland valley with a coefficient of determination of 0.65. The IFAS model can be used to design a flood management system in the district of Pelebina. Further studies are needed to assess the exposure and vulnerability of farmers to flood risk

Modes of symmetric composite defects in two-dimensional photonic crystals

We consider the modal fields and resonance frequencies of composite defects in two-dimensional photonic crystals (PCs). Using an asymptotic method based on Green's functions, we show that the coupling matrices for the composite defect can be represented as circulant or block-circulant matrices. Using the properties of these matrices, specifically that their eigenvectors are independent of the values of the matrix elements, we obtain modal properties such as dispersion relations, modal cutoff, degeneracy, and symmetry of the mode fields. Using our formulation, we investigate defects arranged on the vertices of regular polygons as well as PC ring resonators with defects arranged on the edges of polygons. Finally, we discuss the impact of band-edge degeneracies on composite-defect modes

Modal Analysis Of Enhanced Absorption In Silicon Nanowire Arrays

We analyze the absorption of solar radiation by silicon nanowire arrays, which are being considered for photovoltaic applications. These structures have been shown to have enhanced absorption compared with thin films, however the mechanism responsible for this is not understood. Using a new, semi-analytic model, we show that the enhanced absorption can be attributed to a few modes of the array, which couple well to incident light, overlap well with the nanowires, and exhibit strong Fabry-Perot resonances. For some wavelengths the absorption is further enhanced by slow light effects. We study the evolution of these modes with wavelength to explain the various features of the absorption spectra, focusing first on a dilute array at normal incidence, before generalizing to a dense array and off-normal angles of incidence. The understanding developed will allow for optimization of simple SiNW arrays, as well as the development of more advanced designs

Etat des lieux de la reproduction sexuée des ignames africaines Dioscorea cayenensis – Dioscorea rotundata cultivées au Bénin

Les ignames sont d’importantes plantes alimentaires à multiplication végétative dont l’amélioration et la création variétale dépendent, comme chez les végétaux, de la maîtrise de la biologie de la reproduction sexuée. L’état des lieux des cultivars florifères des ignames africaines Dioscorea cayenensis – D. rotundata a été  réalisé à Djidja et à Ouaké, deux communes productrices du Bénin par une approche participative, à travers des focus-groups, des enquêtes individuelles et des visites de champs. Ainsi, à Ouaké, vingt quatre (24) cultivars ont été recensés, dont dix-neuf (19), soit 79% florifères avec 74% de mâles, 21% de femelles et 5% sont monoïques. Le taux de fructification est d’environ 15 fruits par pied. A Djidja, vingt-six (26) cultivars sont recensés dont vingt-trois (23), soit 88% florifères avec 57% de femelle et 43% de mâle. Le taux de fructification à Djidja est élevé 102 fruits par pied en moyenne. Le taux de floraison femelle et le taux de  fructification sont beaucoup plus importants à Djidja qu’à Ouaké. Dans le but de l’amélioration et de la création variétale, le site de Djidja semble être plus propice à l’utilisation de la reproduction sexuée chez les ignames cultivées que celui de Ouaké.Mots clés : Igname, floraison, fructification, Djidja, Ouaké

Absorption enhancing proximity effects in aperiodic nanowire arrays

Aperiodic Nanowire (NW) arrays have higher absorption than equivalent periodic arrays, making them of interest for photovoltaic applications. An inevitable property of aperiodic arrays is the clustering of some NWs into closer proximity than in the equi

Efficient slow-light coupling in a photonic crystal waveguide without transition region

We consider the coupling into a slow mode that appears near an inflection point in the band structure of a photonic crystal waveguide. Remarkably, the coupling into this slow mode, which has a group index >1000, can be essentially perfect without any transition region. We show that this efficient coupling occurs thanks to an evanescent mode in the slow medium, which has appreciable amplitude and helps satisfy the boundary conditions but does not transport any energy.This work was produced with the assistance of the Australian Research Council under its ARC Centres of Excellence Program. T. P. White is supported by the EU-FP6 Marie Curie Fellowship SLIPPRY