A lattice model for the kinetics of rupture of fluid bilayer membranes

We have constructed a model for the kinetics of rupture of membranes under tension, applying physical principles relevant to lipid bilayers held together by hydrophobic interactions. The membrane is characterized by the bulk compressibility (for expansion), the thickness of the hydrophobic part of the bilayer, the hydrophobicity and a parameter characterizing the tail rigidity of the lipids. The model is a lattice model which incorporates strain relaxation, and considers the nucleation of pores at constant area, constant temperature, and constant particle number. The particle number is conserved by allowing multiple occupancy of the sites. An equilibrium ``phase diagram'' is constructed as a function of temperature and strain with the total pore surface and distribution as the order parameters. A first order rupture line is found with increasing tension, and a continuous increase in proto-pore concentration with rising temperature till instability. The model explains current results on saturated and unsaturated PC lipid bilayers and thicker artificial bilayers made of diblock copolymers. Pore size distributions are presented for various values of area expansion and temperature, and the fractal dimension of the pore edge is evaluated.Comment: 15 pages, 8 figure

Vesicles-on-a-chip: A universal microfluidic platform for the assembly of liposomes and polymersomes

In this study, we present a PDMS-based microfluidic platform for the fabrication of both liposomes and polymersomes. Based on a double-emulsion template formed in flow-focusing configuration, monodisperse liposomes and polymersomes are produced in a controlled manner after solvent extraction. Both types of vesicles can be formed from the exact same combination of fluids and are stable for at least three months under ambient storage conditions. By tuning the flow rates of the different fluid phases in the flow-focusing microfluidic design, the size of the liposomes and polymersomes can be varied over atleast one order of magnitude. This method offers a versatile tool for future studies, e.g., involving the encapsulation of biological agents and the functionalization of artificial cell membranes, and might also be applicable for the controlled fabrication of hybrid vesicles