Approximation orders of shift-invariant subspaces of W2s(Rd)W^s_2({\Bbb R}^d)

We extend the existing theory of approximation orders provided by shift-invariant subspaces of $L_2$ to the setting of Sobolev spaces, provide treatment of $L_2$ cases that have not been covered before, and apply our results to determine approximation order of solutions to a refinement equation with a higher-dimensional solution space.Comment: 49 page

Religião e modernidade: algumas conclusões acerca do processo de secularização no ocidente

One of the key concepts to understand the modernity is the secularization concept. This concept has been fed in the last centuries by countless debates concerning its definition and application. To speak about secularization means to speak about modernity, which is result of the modernity and, at the same lime, one of its more evident characteristic. The concept secularization has several definitions, bur practically all of them addres to this definition: the delcgitimation of the power of the ecclesiastical sphere — defender and reproducer or the values of the sacred — for the legitimation of the power of the civil and lav sphere, which possesses as orientation no-sacred values, therefore, profane to the eves oi the religious person. Thar delegitiniiation of the power of the ecclesiastical sphere had been present in the whole European continent after the 17th century and, after that, in the western w odd. The secularization process, instead of promoting the overthrown of the religion in the modern lira, revitalized it throught the loss of the plausibility of the traditional religions and tor the religious freedom that it promoted. In the 19th and 2lth centuries, the religion suffered influences of the modern ideologies and adapted itself to them. The pluralism and the new religious movements are results of the secularization process in the modernity, denoting the modifications happened in the western religious field.Um dos conceitos chave para compreender a modernidade é o conceito de secularizaçào. Este conceito tem alimentado, nos últimos séculos, inúmeros debates acerca de sua definição e aplicação, balar em secularizaçào significa falar em modernidade, pois ela é um produto da modernidade e ao mesmo tempo uma de suas características mais evidentes. O conceito secularização tem diversas definições, mas praticamente todas remetem a esta definição: a deslegitimaçào do poder da esfera eclesiástica — defensora e reprodutora dos valores do sagrado — para a legitimação do poder da esfera civil e laica, que possui como orientação valores não-sagrados, portanto, profanos aos olhos do religioso. Essa deslegitimação do poder da esfera eclesiástica fez-se presente em todo o continente europeu após o século XVII e, logo depois, no mundo ocidental. O processo de secularização, ao invés de promover a derrocada da religião na Ura moderna, revitalizou-a através da perda da plausibilidade das religiões tradicionais e pela liberdade religiosa que ela promoveu. Nos séculos XIX e XX a religião sofreu influências das ideologias modernas e adaptou-se. O pluralismo e os novos movimentos religiosos são frutos do processo de secularização na modernidade, denotando as modificações ocorridas no campo religioso ocidental

Zonotopal algebra

A wealth of geometric and combinatorial properties of a given linear endomorphism $X$ of $\R^N$ is captured in the study of its associated zonotope $Z(X)$, and, by duality, its associated hyperplane arrangement ${\cal H}(X)$. This well-known line of study is particularly interesting in case n\eqbd\rank X \ll N. We enhance this study to an algebraic level, and associate $X$ with three algebraic structures, referred herein as {\it external, central, and internal.} Each algebraic structure is given in terms of a pair of homogeneous polynomial ideals in $n$ variables that are dual to each other: one encodes properties of the arrangement ${\cal H}(X)$, while the other encodes by duality properties of the zonotope $Z(X)$. The algebraic structures are defined purely in terms of the combinatorial structure of $X$, but are subsequently proved to be equally obtainable by applying suitable algebro-analytic operations to either of $Z(X)$ or ${\cal H}(X)$. The theory is universal in the sense that it requires no assumptions on the map $X$ (the only exception being that the algebro-analytic operations on $Z(X)$ yield sought-for results only in case $X$ is unimodular), and provides new tools that can be used in enumerative combinatorics, graph theory, representation theory, polytope geometry, and approximation theory.Comment: 44 pages; updated to reflect referees' remarks and the developments in the area since the article first appeared on the arXi

Arbitragem nos conflitos individuais do trabalho

A presente dissertação é fruto do estudo da Arbitragem, que é uma importante ferramenta de natureza alternativa quando da resolução de conflitos. A sua aplicabilidade é eficaz e inquestionável quando analisada sob a perspectiva do Direito Coletivo do Trabalho, remanescendo, no entanto, a dúvida de qual é o seu alcance nos conflitos laborais de natureza individual. Eis então o tema: Arbitragem nos conflitos individuais do trabalho. Neste percurso, buscaremos traçar uma definição de arbitragem, verificar seu plano de incidência no direito laboral e quais são os entraves para a plena aplicação no direito individual do trabalho. Para tanto, suscitaremos o conflito entre os princípios da proteção (primado do direito laboral) e o princípio da autonomia da vontade (vetor de aplicação da arbitragem), analisar-se-ão as limitações legais existentes, a exemplo do artigo 387º, em vigor, do Código do Trabalho que estabelece que a regularidade e licitude do despedimento só pode ser apreciada por tribunal judicial e quais são os critérios para a subsunção do disposto no art. 1º, alínea 1 da Lei de Arbitragem Voluntária (LAV) – 63/2011 – visto a validade de uma convenção de arbitragem desafia a definição e conhecimento do que venha a ser direitos (in)disponíveis laborais. Contudo, não se pode olvidar da permissividade legal existente acerca da aplicação do mecanismo arbitral em algumas categorias de trabalhadores, a exemplo do DL 205/2009 de 31 de agosto que trata do Estatuto da Carreira do Docente Universitário e o Regime Jurídico do contrato de trabalho do praticante desportivo (Lei 54/2017), além dos entendimentos jurisprudenciais proferidos pelos Tribunais que possibilitam a transmutação da natureza jurídica de direitos laborais indisponíveis para disponíveis, a ter como vetor interpretativo: a subordinação jurídica. Sendo assim, ainda que incursionemos sobre questões processuais propriamente ditas, cumpre consignar que o maior compromisso desta tese é tracejar quais são hoje os parâmetros legais, jurisprudenciais e doutrinários passíveis de determinar a admissibilidade genérica do mecanismo da arbitragem nos conflitos individuais do trabalho. Quanto ao texto, apresento as minhas desculpas pelos brasileirismos utilizados que têm o mérito de demonstrar a grandeza da língua de Camões e de Anónio Vieira.This dissertation is the result of a research regarding Arbitration, which is an important alternative mean to resolve conflicts. Its applicability is effective and unquestionable when analyzed from the perspective of Collective Labor Law, however, it´s usage remains in a grey area when the scope falls in individual labor conflicts. And that´s the theme of the present thesis: Arbitration in individual labor law conflicts. Along this path, we intend to define arbitration, verify its incidence in labor law and what are the barriers to full application in individual labor law conflicts. In order to reach this target, we will study the conflict between the principles of protection (primacy of labor law) and the autonomy of the will (primacy of arbitration), the existing legal limitations, as in the case of Article 387, Labor Code which establishes that the regularity and lawfulness of the dismissal can only be assessed by the Judicial Court and what are the criteria for the subsumption of the provision in art. 1, paragraph 1 of the Voluntary Arbitration Law (LAV) - 63/2011 - since the validity of an arbitration agreement challenges the definition and knowledge of what may be (in)alienable labor rights. However, one cannot forget the existing legal permissiveness regarding the application of the arbitration mechanism in some categories of workers, such as DL 205/2009 of 31 August, which deals with the Career Statute for University Teachers and the Legal Regime of the employment contract of sports practitioner (Law 54/2017), in addition to the jurisprudential understandings handed down by the Courts that make it possible to transmute the legal nature of labor rights that are inalienable to alienable, having as a criteria the legal subordination. Therefore, even that some topics that were raised regards to arbitration procedural methods, it should be noted that the main commitment of this thesis is to outline what are the legal, jurisprudential and doctrinal parameters that can determine the generic admissibility of the arbitration mechanism in individual labor conflicts. Regarding the text itself, I apologize the usage of Brazilian expressions, but they do enhance the greatness of the language that was inherit from Camões and António Vieira

The viscosity of shoshonitic melts (Vulcanello Peninsula, Aeolian Islands, Italy): insight on the magma ascent in dikes

The viscosity of shoshonitic melts from Vulcanello Peninsula (Vulcano Island, Italy) is experimentally determined at temperatures between 733 K and 1673 K. The water content of the melts varies from 0.03 to 4.75 wt% H2O. The micropenetration technique is employed at ambient pressure in the high viscosity range (109-1012 Pa·s). Falling sphere(s) experiments are performed at 500 and 2000 MPa in the low viscosity range (100.5-103 Pa·s). Results show a decrease of about 2 orders of magnitude in viscosity if ~ 3 wt% of water is added to the dry melt at 1300 K. At high temperature the viscosity of Vulcanello melts is intermediate between that of andesitic and basaltic melts. In contrast, at low temperatures (≤1050 K), the shoshonitic melt is characterized by a lower viscosity with respect to the two previous melts. Based on our new data set, a calculation model is proposed to predict the viscosity of the shoshonitic melts as a function of temperature and water content. The viscosity data are used to constrain the ascent velocity of shoshonitic magmas from Vulcanello within dikes. Using petrological data (temperature and crystal content of the magma) and volcanological information (geometrical parameters of the eruptive fissure and depth of magma storage), we estimate the time scale for the ascent of magma from the main reservoir to the surface. Results show time scales in the order of hours to few days. We conclude that the rapid ascent of poorly evolved melts from Moho depths should be taken into account for the hazard assessment of Vulcano Island

Real-time imaging of activation and degradation of carbon supported octahedral Pt–Ni alloy fuel cell catalysts at the nanoscale using in situ electrochemical liquid cell STEM

Octahedrally shaped Pt–Ni alloy nanoparticles on carbon supports have demonstrated unprecedented electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), sparking interest as catalysts for low-temperature fuel cell cathodes. However, deterioration of the octahedral shape that gives the catalyst its superior activity currently prohibits the use of shaped catalysts in fuel cell devices, while the structural dynamics of the overall catalyst degradation are largely unknown. We investigate the time-resolved degradation pathways of such a Pt–Ni alloy catalyst supported on carbon during cycling and startup/shutdown conditions using an in situ STEM electrochemical liquid cell, which allows us to track changes happening over seconds. Thereby we can precisely correlate the applied electrochemical potential with the microstructural response of the catalyst. We observe changes of the nanocatalysts’ structure, monitor particle motion and coalescence at potentials that corrode carbon, and investigate the dissolution and redeposition processes of the nanocatalyst under working conditions. Carbon support motion, particle motion, and particle coalescence were observed as the main microstructural responses to potential cycling and holds in regimes where carbon corrosion happens. Catalyst motion happened more severely during high potential holds and sudden potential changes than during cyclic potential sweeps, despite carbon corrosion happening during both, as suggested by ex situ DEMS results. During an extremely high potential excursion, the shaped nanoparticles became mobile on the carbon support and agglomerated facet-to-facet within 10 seconds. These experiments suggest that startup/shutdown potential treatments may cause catalyst coarsening on a much shorter time scale than full collapse of the carbon support. Additionally, the varying degrees of attachment of particles on the carbon support indicates that there is a distribution of interaction strengths, which in the future should be optimized for shaped particles. We further track the dissolution of Ni nanoparticles and determine the dissolution rate as a function of time for an individual nanoparticle – which occurs over the course of a few potential cycles for each particle. This study provides new visual understanding of the fundamental structural dynamics of nanocatalysts during fuel cell operation and highlights the need for better catalyst-support anchoring and morphology for allowing these highly active shaped catalysts to become useful in PEM fuel cell applications.TU Berlin, Open-Access-Mittel - 201

Adult feeding and mating effects on the biological potential and parasitism of Trichogramma pretiosum and T. acacioi (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae).

ABSTRACT: This work was carried out to study the effects of adult feeding and mating on the biological potential and parasitism of Trichogramma pretiosum and T. acacioi (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to improve their use in biological control programs. Both species presented higher parasitism and longevity whenever adults were fed. Fed and unmated T. pretiosum females led to low parasitism whereas T. acacioi females did not present parasitism whatsoever. Egg viability of T. pretiosum was similar for fed and mated individuals, but T acacioi showed lower values for this parameter when unfed and without mating. Unmated females produced only males while mated ones had more than 60% female descendents for both Trichogramma species. Therefore, mated and fed female parasitoids should be released in crop systems to increase the biological control. RESUMO: Os efeitos do acasalamento e alimentação no potencial biológico e parasitismo de Trichogramma pretiosum e Trichogramma acacioi (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), foram estudados objetivando-se aprimorar o uso dessas espécies no controle biológico. O parasitismo e longevidade dos adultos de ambas as espécies foram maiores para fêmeas alimentadas e o parasitismo foi nulo e baixo para fêmeas acasaladas e não-alimentadas de T. acacioi e T. pretiosum, respectivamente. A viabilidade de ovos parasitados por T. pretiosum foi semelhante entre os tratamentos, mas para T. acacioi houve uma menor viabilidade do parasitismo realizado por fêmeas sem acasalamento e sem alimento. Descendentes de T. pretiosum e T. acacioi sem acasalamento produziram apenas machos, enquanto fêmeas acasaladas tiveram mais de 60% dos descentes fêmeas para as duas espécies de Trichogramma. Portanto, fêmeas acasaladas e alimentadas devem ser liberadas para o controle biológico