Fear and the human amygdala

We have previously reported that bilateral amygdala damage in humans compromises the recognition of fear in facial expressions while leaving intact recognition of face identity (Adolphs et al., 1994). The present study aims at examining questions motivated by this finding. We addressed the possibility that unilateral amygdala damage might be sufficient to impair recognition of emotional expressions. We also obtained further data on our subject with bilateral amygdala damage, in order to elucidate possible mechanisms that could account for the impaired recognition of expressions of fear. The results show that bilateral, but not unilateral, damage to the human amygdala impairs the processing of fearful facial expressions. This impairment appears to result from an insensitivity to the intensity of fear expressed by faces. We also confirmed a double dissociation between the recognition of facial expressions of fear, and the recognition of identity of a face: these two processes can be impaired independently, lending support to the idea that they are subserved in part by anatomically separate neural systems. Based on our data, and on what is known about the amygdala's connectivity, we propose that the amygdala is required to link visual representations of facial expressions, on the one hand, with representations that constitute the concept of fear, on the other. Preliminary data suggest the amygdala's role extends to both recognition and recall of fearful facial expressions

O Gnuteca e o OpenBiblio: avaliação de softwares livres para a automação de bibliotecas

Leaving of the necessity of users of university libraries, currently working in more digital and available platforms each time in the Internet, free softwares has versions searching to answer adequately to these demands, being sold at a loss general costs of implantation of software. The present article aims at to carry through the comparative evaluation between two softwares free: the OpenBiblio and the Gnuteca, amongst other available ones in the Brazilian market of softwares for university libraries while complete systems of automation. A revision of national and international literature was made, having as methodology the important considered election of itens in this task. The choice of a software (either of “free code” or proprietor) that it works as automatized systems covering all its functions of university libraries, requires to consider aspects as so great of quantities, strategies of growth, human resources and financial e, over all, the demands of its users varying very of library for library. We point, for end, general aspects of the comparative evaluation between the OpenBiblio and the Gnuteca and of the evaluated criteria

Damage to the prefrontal cortex increases utilitarian moral judgements

The psychological and neurobiological processes underlying moral judgement have been the focus of many recent empirical studies1–11. Of central interest is whether emotions play a causal role in moral judgement, and, in parallel, how emotion-related areas of the brain contribute to moral judgement. Here we show that six patients with focal bilateral damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPC), a brain region necessary for the normal generation of emotions and, in particular, social emotions12–14, produce an abnor- mally ‘utilitarian’ pattern of judgements on moral dilemmas that pit compelling considerations of aggregate welfare against highly emotionally aversive behaviours (for example, having to sacrifice one person’s life to save a number of other lives)7,8. In contrast, the VMPC patients’ judgements were normal in other classes of moral dilemmas. These findings indicate that, for a selective set of moral dilemmas, the VMPC is critical for normal judgements of right and wrong. The findings support a necessary role for emotion in the generation of those judgements

Pain and other feelings in humans and animals

Evidence from neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and neuropsychology suggests that the experience of feelings in humans does not depend exclusively on structures of the cerebral cortex. It does not seem warranted to deny the possibility of feeling in animals on the grounds that their cerebral cortices are not comparable to those of humans

Fear and the human amygdala

We have previously reported that bilateral amygdala damage in humans compromises the recognition of fear in facial expressions while leaving intact recognition of face identity (Adolphs et al., 1994). The present study aims at examining questions motivated by this finding. We addressed the possibility that unilateral amygdala damage might be sufficient to impair recognition of emotional expressions. We also obtained further data on our subject with bilateral amygdala damage, in order to elucidate possible mechanisms that could account for the impaired recognition of expressions of fear. The results show that bilateral, but not unilateral, damage to the human amygdala impairs the processing of fearful facial expressions. This impairment appears to result from an insensitivity to the intensity of fear expressed by faces. We also confirmed a double dissociation between the recognition of facial expressions of fear, and the recognition of identity of a face: these two processes can be impaired independently, lending support to the idea that they are subserved in part by anatomically separate neural systems. Based on our data, and on what is known about the amygdala's connectivity, we propose that the amygdala is required to link visual representations of facial expressions, on the one hand, with representations that constitute the concept of fear, on the other. Preliminary data suggest the amygdala's role extends to both recognition and recall of fearful facial expressions

Embodied cognitive ecosophy: the relationship of mind, body, meaning and ecology

The concept of embodied cognition has had a major impact in a number of disciplines. The extent of its consequences on general knowledge and epistemology are still being explored. Embodied cognition in human geography has its own traditions and discourses but these have become somewhat isolated in the discipline itself. This paper argues that findings in other disciplines are of value in reconceptualising embodied cognition in human geography and this is explored by reconsidering the concept of ecosophy. Criticisms of ecosophy as a theory are considered and recent work in embodied cognition is applied to consider how such criticisms might be addressed. An updated conceptualisation is proposed, the embodied cognitive ecosophy, and three characteristics arising from this criticism and synthesis are presented with a view to inform future discussions of ecosophy and emotional geography

A role for left temporal pole in the retrieval of words for unique entities

r r Abstract: Both lesion and functional imaging studies have implicated sectors of high-order association cortices of the left temporal lobe in the retrieval of words for objects belonging to varied conceptual categories. In particular, the cortices located in the left temporal pole have been associated with naming unique persons from faces. Because this neuroanatomical-behavioral association might be related to either the specificity of the task (retrieving a name at unique level) or to the possible preferential processing of faces by anterior temporal cortices, we performed a PET imaging experiment to test the hypothesis that the effect is related to the specificity of the word retrieval task. Normal subjects were asked to name at unique level entities from two conceptual categories: famous landmarks and famous faces. In support of the hypothesis, naming entities in both categories was associated with increases in activity in the left temporal pole. No main effect of category (faces vs. landmarks/buildings) or interaction of task and category was found in the left temporal pole. Retrieving names for unique persons and for names for unique landmarks activate the same brain region. These findings are consistent with the notion that activity in the left temporal pole is linked to the level of specificity of word retrieval rather than the conceptual class to which the stimulus belongs. Hum. Brain Mapping 13:199–212, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Key words: left temporal pole; language; word retrieval; functional imaging; face processing; naming r

A IMPORTÂNCIA DAS ANÁLISES DAS DEMONSTRAÇÕES CONTÁBEIS PARA A TOMADA DE DECISÕES

Em um ambiente organizacional complexo as empresas necessitam de uma maior exatidão nas informações para que estas auxiliem no processo da tomada de decisões. A contabilidade, exercendo sua função de assessoria, fornece estes dados que, transformados em informações, Figuram como sendo de grande valia para os gestores. Em um mercado onde conhecer a própria empresa é fator decisivo para que se alcance o sucesso planejado, a análise das demonstrações contábeis pode ser considerada como uma ferramenta de grande importância, pois por meio dela, pode-se alcançar um melhor panorama de conhecimento acerca do negócio, uma vez que, estudando a real situação da empresa, é possível tomar decisões estruturadas em bases mais realistas. O objetivo do trabalho foi o de enfatizar a importância da análise das demonstrações contábeis como instrumento de gestão, sendo de grande valia para a análise da estrutura patrimonial das empresas, uma vez que, por meio da utilização dos seus indicadores de desempenho, pode-se, diagnosticar as mudanças e os impactos das mesmas na parte econômica e financeira da organização. Para tal foram utilizadas como referências obras bibliográficas das áreas de contabilidade, para fundamentar a pesquisa

O programa minha casa minha vida e as perspectivas de territorialização, desterritorialização e reterritorialização (T-D-R) : uma análise do condomínio residencial Irajá, no distrito de Iguatemi, em Maringá-PR

Orientador: Prof.ª Dr.ª Priscilla Borgonhoni ChagasDissertação (mestrado em Administração) - Universidade Estadual de Maringá, 2018O presente estudo tem como objetivo compreender como ocorreram os processos de territorialização, desterritorialização e reterritorialização (T-D-R) dos moradores, a partir da produção do espaço urbano ocasionada por investimentos do Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV), no Condomínio Residencial Irajá no distrito de Iguatemi, no município de Maringá-PR. A concepção da cidade enquanto organização dá ensejo ao desenvolvimento do presente estudo, uma vez que buscar-se-á considerar as intervenções dos indivíduos no processo de produção do espaço urbano, sob a ótica da Administração. Na presente pesquisa, estabelece- se a concepção de território como sendo produto da transformação do espaço natural em espaço produzido. Neste contexto, as perspectivas de territorialização (T), desterritorialização (D) e reterritorialização (R), representam as interações individuais e coletivas dos indivíduos com os territórios, sendo a territorialização, uma apropriação territorial; a desterritorialização, a perda ou saída de um determinado território; e a reterritorialização, o processo de readaptação ou readequação dos indivíduos em relação aos territórios. A partir da intervenção no espaço urbano, o Estado busca alterar o espaço das cidades a partir de interesses entre os demais agentes produtores do espaço, por meio de políticas públicas vinculadas a parcerias público-privadas, no presente trabalho representadas pelo Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV), onde as premissas de reprodução do capital influenciam no contexto urbano em benefício de um grupo de agentes e em detrimento de outros. A perspectivas T-D-R apresentam-se a partir de uma análise material e imaterial, onde são consideradas diferentes dimensões do território, tais como a econômica (E), política (P), cultural-simbólica (C), e natural (N); ao qual serão analisados os relatos dos moradores do Condomínio Residencial Irajá, localizado no distrito de Iguatemi, em Maringá-PR. Para tanto, foram coletados dados a partir de entrevistas semi- estruturadas e analisados por intermédio do método de análise interpretativa de dados qualitativos. A partir do estudo, verificou-se que que as motivações dos indivíduos quanto ao processo de mudança não necessariamente se encontram em alinhamento com as suas percepções sobre tal processo, ou seja, grande parte dos moradores opta por adquirir sua casa própria, porém, alguns deles não se sentem contentes com o processo de mudança e preferem as antigas residências. Com relação às questões de reterritorialização, verifica-se que os indivíduos têm feito críticas direcionadas à estrutura do local, no que diz respeito à qualidade do material e dos serviços prestados. Além disso, observa-se que a opção por uma estrutura construída a partir do modelo vertical, denota uma possível estratégia de economia de recursos em sua construção. Por fim, quanto às questões de territorialização, observou-se que os indivíduos, apesar de residirem em região distante do centro da cidade e do distrito de Iguatemi, não se sentem segregados. Em relação à segurança do local, verifica-se que apesar do registro de casos no local, o assunto é tratado como problema social e em muitos casos aparenta ser minimizado por parte dos entrevistados. Desta forma conclui-se de que a produção do espaço urbano por meio de políticas públicas pode impactar nos processos de territorialização, desterritorialização e reterritorialização (T-D-R) dos indivíduosThe objective of this study is to understand how the processes of territorialization, deterritorialization and reterritorialisation (TDR) of the residents occurred, starting from the production of the urban space caused by the investments of the My Home My Life Program (PMCMV), in the Condomínio Residencial Irajá in the district of Iguatemi, in the city of Maringá-PR. The conception of the city as an organization gives rise to the development of the present study, since it will seek to consider the interventions of the individuals in the process of production of the urban space, from the perspective of the Administration. In the present research, the conception of territory is established as being product of the transformation of the natural space into space produced. In this context, the perspectives of territorialization (T), deterritorialization (D) and reterritorialization (R), represent the individual and collective interactions of individuals with the territories, with territorialization being a territorial appropriation; deterritorialization, loss or exit from a given territory; and the reterritorialization, the process of readaptation or readjustment of the individuals in relation to the territories. From the intervention in the urban space, the State seeks to change the space of the cities based on interests among the other agents producing the space, through public policies linked to publicprivate partnerships, in the present work represented by the My Home My Life Program (PMCMV), where the premises of reproduction of capital influence in the urban context for the benefit of one group of agents and to the detriment of others. The T-D-R perspectives are based on a material and immaterial analysis, where different dimensions of the territory are considered, such as economic (E), politics (P), cultural-symbolic (C), and natural (N); to which will be analyzed the reports of the residents of Condomínio Residencial Irajá, located in the district of Iguatemi, in Maringá-PR. For that, data were collected from semi-structured interviews and analyzed through the method of interpretative analysis of qualitative data. From the study, it was verified that the individuals' motivations regarding the process of change are not necessarily in line with their perceptions about this process, that is, a large part of the residents choose to acquire their own house, but some of them are not happy with the process of change and prefer the old residences. With regard to reterritorialisation issues, it can be verified that the individuals have made criticisms directed to the structure of the place, with respect to the quality of the material and the services rendered. In addition, it is observed that the option for a structure built from the vertical model, denotes a possible resource-saving strategy in its construction. Finally, regarding the issues of territorialization, it was observed that individuals, although living in a region far from the city center and the Iguatemi district, do not feel segregated. Regarding site security, it is verified that despite the registration of cases in the place, the subject is treated as a social problem and in many cases seems to be minimized by the interviewees. In this way it is concluded that the production of the urban space through public policies can impact on the processes of territorialization, deterritorialization and reterritorialization (T-D-R) of the individuals228 f. : il. (algumas col.)