2,892 research outputs found
Beyond the Born-Oppenheimer approximation: high-resolution overtone spectroscopy of H2D+ and D2H+
Transitions to overtone 2v2 and 2v3, and combination v2 + v3 vibrations in jet-cooled H2D+ and D2H+ molecular ions have been measured for the first time by high-resolution IR spectroscopy. The source of these ions is a pulsed slit jet supersonic discharge, which allows for efficient generation, rotational cooling, and high frequency (100 KHz) concentration modulation for detection via sensitive lock-in detection methods. Isotopic substitution and high-resolution overtone spectroscopy in this fundamental molecular ion permit a systematic, first principles investigation of Born–Oppenheimer "breakdown" effects due to large amplitude vibrational motion as well as provide rigorous tests of approximate theoretical methods beyond the Born–Oppenheimer level. The observed overtone transitions are in remarkably good agreement (<0.1 cm–1) with non-Born–Oppenheimer ab initio theoretical predictions, with small but systematic deviations for 2v2, 2v + 3v, and 2v3 excited states indicating directions for further improvement in such treatments. Spectroscopic assignment and analysis of the isotopomeric transitions reveals strong Coriolis mixing between near resonant 2v3 and 2v + 3v vibrations in D2H+. Population-independent line intensity ratios for transitions from common lower states indicate excellent overall agreement with theoretical predictions for D2H+, but with statistically significant discrepancies noted for H2D+. Finally, H2D+ versus D2H+ isotopomer populations are analyzed as a function of D2/H2 mixing ratio and can be well described by steady state kinetics in the slit discharge expansion
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Poverty and the rural non-farm economy in Armenia, Georgia and Romania: a synthesis of findings (NRI report no. 2773)
The focus of this paper is on rural non-farm livelihoods in economies in transition. It looks at key factors affecting the ability and motivation of rural dwellers to become involved in the non-farm economy. The intended outputs of this study are: (i) to improve understanding of the dynamics of the RNFE in providing employment and income diversification opportunities in Armenia, Georgia and Romania; and (ii) to promote mechanisms for integrating research results into relevant policy processes
Predicting pharmacy naloxone stocking and dispensing following a statewide standing order, Indiana 2016
BACKGROUND:
While naloxone, the overdose reversal medication, has been available for decades, factors associated with its availability through pharmacies remain unclear. Studies suggest that policy and pharmacist beliefs may impact availability. Indiana passed a standing order law for naloxone in 2015 to increase access to naloxone.
OBJECTIVE:
To identify factors associated with community pharmacy naloxone stocking and dispensing following the enactment of a statewide naloxone standing order.
METHODS:
A 2016 cross-sectional census of Indiana community pharmacists was conducted following a naloxone standing order. Community, pharmacy, and pharmacist characteristics, and pharmacist attitudes about naloxone dispensing, access, and perceptions of the standing order were measured. Modified Poisson and binary logistic regression models attempted to predict naloxone stocking and dispensing, respectively.
RESULTS:
Over half (58.1%) of pharmacies stocked naloxone, yet 23.6% of pharmacists dispensed it. Most (72.5%) pharmacists believed the standing order would increase naloxone stocking, and 66.5% believed it would increase dispensing. Chain pharmacies were 3.2 times as likely to stock naloxone. Naloxone stocking was 1.6 times as likely in pharmacies with more than one full-time pharmacist. Pharmacies where pharmacists received naloxone continuing education in the past two years were 1.3 times as likely to stock naloxone. The attempted dispensing model yielded no improvement over the constant-only model.
CONCLUSIONS:
Pharmacies with larger capacity took advantage of the naloxone standing order. Predictors of pharmacist naloxone dispensing should continue to be explored to maximize naloxone access
The Origins of Phase Transitions in Small Systems
The identification and classification of phases in small systems, e.g.
nuclei, social and financial networks, clusters, and biological systems, where
the traditional definitions of phase transitions are not applicable, is
important to obtain a deeper understanding of the phenomena observed in such
systems. Within a simple statistical model we investigate the validity and
applicability of different classification schemes for phase transtions in small
systems. We show that the whole complex temperature plane contains necessary
information in order to give a distinct classification.Comment: 3 pages, 4 figures, revtex 4 beta 5, for further information see
http://www.smallsystems.d
Shell-model calculations for p-shell hypernuclei
The interpretation of hypernuclear gamma-ray data for p-shell hypernuclei in
terms of shell-model calculations that include the coupling of Lambda- and
Sigma-hypernuclear states is briefly reviewed. Next, Lambda 8Li, Lambda 8Be,
and Lambda 9Li are considered, both to exhibit features of Lambda-Sigma
coupling and as possible source of observed, but unassigned, hypernuclear gamma
rays. Then, the feasibility of measuring the ground-state doublet spacing of
Lambda 10Be, which, like Lambda 9Li, could be studied via the (K-,pi0 gamma)
reaction, is investigated. Structural information relevant to the population of
states in these hypernuclei in recent (e,e'K+) studies is also given. Finally,
the extension of the shell-model calculations to sd-shell hypernuclei is
briefly considered.Comment: 17 pages, 3 figures. Contribution to special volume on Strangeness
Nuclear Physic
Exotic torus manifolds and equivariant smooth structures on quasitoric manifolds
In 2006 Masuda and Suh asked if two compact non-singular toric varieties
having isomorphic cohomology rings are homeomorphic. In the first part of this
paper we discuss this question for topological generalizations of toric
varieties, so-called torus manifolds. For example we show that there are
homotopy equivalent torus manifolds which are not homeomorphic. Moreover, we
characterize those groups which appear as the fundamental groups of locally
standard torus manifolds.
In the second part we give a classification of quasitoric manifolds and
certain six-dimensional torus manifolds up to equivariant diffeomorphism.
In the third part we enumerate the number of conjugacy classes of tori in the
diffeomorphism group of torus manifolds. For torus manifolds of dimension
greater than six there are always infinitely many conjugacy classes. We give
examples which show that this does not hold for six-dimensional torus
manifolds.Comment: 21 pages, 2 figures, results about quasitoric manifolds adde
Species of Bursaphelenchus Fuchs, 1937 (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) and other nematode genera associated with insects from Pinus pinaster in Portugal
Insects associated with maritime pine, Pinus pinaster, in Portugal were collected
and screened for the presence of Bursaphelenchus species. Nematodes were
identified using Internal Transcribed Spacers-Restriction Fragment Length
Polymorphism (ITS-RFLP) analysis of dauer juveniles and morphological
identification of adults that developed from dauer juveniles on fungal cultures
or on cultures in pine wood segments at 26 C. Several associations are
described: Bursaphelenchus teratospicularis and Bursaphelenchus sexdentati are
associated with Orthotomicus erosus; Bursaphelenchus tusciae, B. sexdentati and/or
Bursaphelenchus pinophilus with Hylurgus ligniperda and Bursaphelenchus hellenicus
with Tomicus piniperda, Ips sexdentatus and H. ligniperda. An unidentified
Bursaphelenchus species is vectored by Hylobius sp. The previously reported
association of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus with Monochamus galloprovincialis
was confirmed. The association of Bursaphelenchus leoni with Pityogenes sp. is
not definitively established and needs further studies for clarification.
Other nematode genera besides Bursaphelenchus were found to be associated
with the insects sampled, including two different species of Ektaphelenchus, Parasitorhabditis
sp., Parasitaphelenchus sp., Contortylenchus sp. and other unidentified
nematodes. The Ektaphelenchus species found in O. erosus is morphologically
similar to B. teratospicularis found in the same insect; adults of both the species
are found in cocoon-like structures under the elytra of the insects.
Introduction
Approximately one third of the nematodes belonging to
the order Aphelenchida Siddiqi, 1980 are associated with
insects (Poinar, 1983). These nematodes establish a variety
of associations with the insects, which may be
described as commensalism, e.g. phoresy (to the benefit
of the nematode but not affecting the insect), mutualism
(both the organisms benefit) or parasitism (nematodes
benefit at the expense of the insect) (Giblin-Davis,
2004).
Most Bursaphelenchus Fuchs, 1937 species are mycetophagous,
feeding on fungi in the galleries of bark beetles
and thu
Studies on Pre-slaughter Handling of Pigs and its Relationship to Meat Quality
End of Project ReportsTwo quality defects of pork which are affected by preslaughter
handling are PSE (Pale Soft Exudative) and DFD (Dark
Firm Dry) meat.
The incidence of PSE pork is mainly a function of the breed of
pig but short-term stressful handling before slaughter and feeding
too close to slaughter are also involved. DFD meat is a result of
prolonged stressful handling. PSE meat is pale and uneven in
colour and exudes fluid making it unattractive in the retail display
while dark meat appears stale and is prone to bacterial spoilage.
After slaughter muscle metabolism continues and muscle glycogen
is converted to lactic acid reducing meat pH. Prolonged stress
results in glycogen depletion, pre-slaughter feeding results in
elevated levels. Colour may be assessed subjectively by eye or
objectively by a meter colour but pH of the meat is closely related
to colour and measurement of pH at 45 minutes post-slaughter is
frequently used to predict ultimate colour and pH.
The objective of this study was to examine pre-slaughter handling
practices and their relationship with meat quality (pH, colour).
In the first trial, a survey of the amounts of stomach contents in
pigs at slaughter in two factories found similar amounts to
comparable surveys in France and the UK. It was concluded that
most pigs had been fasted for an adequate time before delivery.
The relationship between the amount of stomach contents and
meat quality in this survey was poor.
In the second trial, pigs from the Moorepark herd fed by either a
computerised wet feeding system or an ad libitum dry feed system
were slaughtered after overnight fasting or with feed available up
to loading for transport to the factory, two to three hours before
slaughter. There was no difference between feeding systems in
meat colour or pH but fasted pigs, on both feeding systems, had
darker meat and meat of a higher pH.
In the third and fourth trials a survey of transport vehicles was
carried out and meat quality of pigs delivered in modern and old-type vehicles was compared. Most trucks examined (78%) were
four years old or more. Few had modern hydraulic lifting gear for
the top decks. Space allowances during transportation were
generally adequate but delays in unloading could, in warm weather,
cause stress on pigs. There was little evidence for an effect of
vehicle on meat quality parameters but day to day variation in
carcass temperature and pH suggested a need for further research
on factory influences on meat quality.
Feeding of Magneium Aspartate to pigs for the last 5 days prior
to slaughter has been shown, in Australia, to have a beneficial
effect on meat colour and drip loss. In the final trial in this study
Mg Asp had no effect on meat quality parameters.European Union Structural Funds (EAGGF
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