4,864 research outputs found
Interaction Between Motor Domains Can Explain the Complex Dynamics of Heterodimeric Kinesins
Motor proteins are active enzyme molecules that play a crucial role in many
biological processes. They transform the chemical energy into the mechanical
work and move unidirectionally along rigid cytoskeleton filaments.
Single-molecule experiments suggest that motor proteins, consisting of two
motor domains, move in a hand-over-hand mechanism when each subunit changes
between trailing and leading positions in alternating steps, and these subunits
do not interact with each other. However, recent experiments on heterodimeric
kinesins suggest that the motion of motor domains is not independent, but
rather strongly coupled and coordinated, although the mechanism of these
interactions are not known. We propose a simple discrete stochastic model to
describe the dynamics of homodimeric and heterodimeric two-headed motor
proteins. It is argued that interactions between motor domains modify free
energy landscapes of each motor subunit, and motor proteins still move via the
hand-over-hand mechanism but with different transitions rates. Our calculations
of biophysical properties agree with experimental observations. Several ways to
test the theoretical model are proposed.Comment: To appear in New J. Phy
Temperature dependence of electrical properties in In/Cu2ZnSnTe4/Si/Ag diodes
WOS: 000458625200001Cu2ZnSnTe4 (CZTTe) thin films with In metal contact were deposited by thermal evaporation on monocrystalline n-type Si wafers with Ag ohmic contact to investigate the device characteristics of an In/CZTTe/Si/Ag diode. The variation in electrical characteristics of the diode was analysed by carrying out current-voltage (I-V) measurements in the temperature range of 220-360 K. The forward bias I-V behaviour was modelled according to the thermionic emission (TE) theory to obtain main diode parameters. In addition, the experimental data were detailed by taking into account the presence of an interfacial layer and possible dominant current transport mechanisms were studied under analysis of ideality factor, n. Strong effects of temperature were observed on zero-bias barrier height (Phi(B0)) and n values due to barrier height inhomogeneity at the interface. The anomaly observed in the analysis of TE was modelled by Gaussian distribution (GD) of barrier heights with 0.844 eV mean barrier height and 0.132 V standard deviation. According to the Tung's theoretical approach, a linear correlation between Phi(B0) and n cannot be satisfied, and thus the modified Richardson plot was used to determine Richardson constant (A*). As a result, A* was calculated approximately as 120.6 A cm(-2) K-2 very close to the theoretical value for n-Si. In addition, the effects of series resistance (R-s) by estimating from Cheng's function and density of surface states (N-ss) by taking the bias dependence of effective barrier height, were discussed
Stability Properties and Cross Coupling Performance of the Control Allocation Scheme CAPIO
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/83598/1/AIAA-2010-3474-732.pd
Evaluation of left renal vein and inferior vena cava variations through routine abdominal multi-slice computed tomography
Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of left renal vein (LRV) and inferior vena cava (IVC) variations and the effect of gender on this frequency, as well as the presence of associated abdominal pathologies.Materials and methods: Multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) images from 746 patients were evaluated retrospectively.Results: Left renal vein variations were identified in 9.8% of cases, while retroaortic LRV (RLRV) and circumaortic LRV (CLRV) were found in 7.4% and 2.4% of cases, respectively. No significant correlation was found between gender and LRV variations (p = 0.797). Of the cases with LRV and IVC variations, 73% had abdominal pathologies, the most common of which were nephrolithiasis, which appeared in 18 (32%) cases, and renal cysts, which appeared in 14 (25.4%) cases.Conclusions: MSCT is a rapid and reliable method of identifying LRV and IVC variations and associated abdominal pathologies
Phytochemical and antioxidant characteristics of medlar fruits (Mespilus germanica L.)
Eleven medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) genotypes sampled from Turkey were analyzed for their fruit weight, fruit dimensions, fruit firmness, ostiole diameter, shape index, skin color, moisture (%), ash (%), reducing sugar (%), crude protein (%), pH, soluble solid content (%), vitamin C (mg/100 g), minerals (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn), total phenolic content and total antioxidant capacity. A wide variation among genotypes on most of the searched parameters was evident. Fruit weight varied from 11.21 g to 33.24 g indicating high variability among genotypes. Determination of antioxidant activities by ÎČ-caroteneâlinoleic acid and 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assays resulted in average 80.8%, and 46.6 ÎŒg/ml FW DPPH, respectively. The total phenolic contents of eleven medlar genotypes varied from 114 to 293 mg gallic acid equivalent in 100 g fresh weight basis. The medlar fruits were found to be rich in terms of potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and iron
Understanding womenâs well-being in Turkey
The results of empirical studies focusing on gender differences in subjective wellbeingbased on either national or comparative international data are inconclusive.In Turkey, where levels of gender inequality are high, women tend to report higherlevels of life satisfaction than men. This study investigates the relationship betweenfactors related to womenâs empowerment and life satisfaction for both ever-marriedand never-married women using the 2018 Turkey Demographic and Health Survey(TDHS), which collected data on life satisfaction for the first time in a TDHS series.The results show that in addition to their material resources and living environment,factors related to womenâs agency â i.e., education and participation in decisionmakingâ are associated with womenâs levels of life satisfaction
Understanding Mechanochemical Coupling in Kinesins Using First-Passage Time Processes
Kinesins are processive motor proteins that move along microtubules in a
stepwise manner, and their motion is powered by the hydrolysis of ATP. Recent
experiments have investigated the coupling between the individual steps of
single kinesin molecules and ATP hydrolysis, taking explicitly into account
forward steps, backward steps and detachments. A theoretical study of
mechanochemical coupling in kinesins, which extends the approach used
successfully to describe the dynamics of conventional motor proteins, is
presented. The possibility of irreversible detachments of kinesins from the
microtubules is also explicitly taken into account. Using the method of first-
passage times, experimental data on the mechanochemical coupling in kinesins
are fully described using the simplest two-state model. It is shown that the
dwell times for the kinesin to move one step forward or backward, or to
dissociate irreversibly are the same, although the probabilities of these
events are different. It is concluded that the current theoretical view, that
only the forward motion of the motor protein molecule is coupled to ATP
hydrolysis, is consistent with all available experimental observations for
kinesins.Comment: Submitted to Biophysical Journa
Generalized exclusion and Hopf algebras
We propose a generalized oscillator algebra at the roots of unity with
generalized exclusion and we investigate the braided Hopf structure. We find
that there are two solutions: these are the generalized exclusions of the
bosonic and fermionic types. We also discuss the covariance properties of these
oscillatorsComment: 10 pages, to appear in J. Phys.
X-ray detection with Micromegas with background levels below 10 keVcms
Micromegas detectors are an optimum technological choice for the detection of
low energy x-rays. The low background techniques applied to these detectors
yielded remarkable background reductions over the years, being the CAST
experiment beneficiary of these developments. In this document we report on the
latest upgrades towards further background reductions and better understanding
of the detectors' response. The upgrades encompass the readout electronics, a
new detector design and the implementation of a more efficient cosmic muon veto
system. Background levels below 10keVcms have been
obtained at sea level for the first time, demonstrating the feasibility of the
expectations posed by IAXO, the next generation axion helioscope. Some results
obtained with a set of measurements conducted in the x-ray beam of the CAST
Detector Laboratory will be also presented and discussed
Upregulation of virulence genes promotes Vibrio cholerae biofilm hyperinfectivity
Vibrio cholerae remains a major global health threat, disproportionately impacting parts of the world without adequate infrastructure and sanitation resources. In aquatic environments, V. cholerae exists both as planktonic cells and as biofilms, which are held together by an extracellular matrix. V. cholerae biofilms have been shown to be hyperinfective, but the mechanism of hyperinfectivity is unclear. Here we show that biofilm-grown cells, irrespective of the surfaces on which they are formed, are able to markedly outcompete planktonic-grown cells in the infant mouse. Using an imaging technique designed to render intestinal tissue optically transparent and preserve the spatial integrity of infected intestines, we reveal and compare three-dimensional V. cholerae colonization patterns of planktonic-grown and biofilm-grown cells. Quantitative image analyses show that V. cholerae colonizes mainly the medial portion of the small intestine and that both the abundance and localization patterns of biofilm-grown cells differ from that of planktonic-grown cells. In vitro biofilm-grown cells activate expression of the virulence cascade, including the toxin coregulated pilus (TCP), and are able to acquire the cholera toxin-carrying CTXĐ€ phage. Overall, virulence factor gene expression is also higher in vivo when infected with biofilm-grown cells, and modulation of their regulation is sufficient to cause the biofilm hyperinfectivity phenotype. Together, these results indicate that the altered biogeography of biofilm-grown cells and their enhanced production of virulence factors in the intestine underpin the biofilm hyperinfectivity phenotype
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