A Comparative Study of Competitive Anxiety Between Basketball and Volleyball Players

Anxiety is a psychological and physiological state characterized by somatic, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components. The root meaning of the word anxiety is `to vex or trouble. The objective of this paper is to compare the competitive anxiety between basketball and volleyball players. For this purpose 40 Male intercollegiate players from Basketball (20) and Volleyball (20) was taken as a sample. For the purpose of this study, the standardized Rainer Marten (SCAT, 1990) Scale was used. The Questionnaire was administered in small groups during the Intercollegiate Basketball and Volleyball tournament. The results of the study have revealed that there is no significant difference between the competitive anxiety of Basketball and Volleyball players of intercollegiate, as no significant difference was seen in the mean score at the Basketball and Volleyball players on competitive anxiety. Therefore it may be said that there is no influence of competitive anxiety at the Basketball and Volleyball players of the inter-college level

A Comparative Study of Psychological Factor Among Female Athletes

Psychological needs play an important role in the promotion and demotion of tension, because any type of tension provide frustration and these frustrated needs leads towards aggressiveness in the individual, need of direct gain, power, and prestige, need for resolving ambiguous cries and for group belongingness and conformity are the main needs which appear to be of utmost importance. The most of the tensions are due to physical, social, cultural, religious, economic, political and psychological cause, and the stability of the tension has been found to be due to high competition, lack of common goals, lack of contacts, value conflict, ignorance, partiality, prejudices, conformity, and maladjustment and to achieve dominance by someone. The objective of this paper is to study to measure different kinds of tension viz. communal tension, caste tension, and religious tension cultural tension regional tension and language tension. For this purpose Fifty female athletes of age group 18-25 participated in south-west zone inter-varsity tournament of respective sport viz judo, badminton; table tennis, wrestling, swimming, and athletics, during 2007-2008 were selected as subjects for this study at random. COMPREHENSIVE SCALE OF TENSION by Dr. Rajeevlochan Bhardwaj was used. Reliability—IT POSSESS SPILT-HALF RELIABILITY OF .81 THROUGH Spearman Brown Formula and of .88 by Gutman Formula. The reliability of data was ensured through tools reliability as well as tester\u27s reliability. The information gathered was treated with ANOVA  (F-Ratio) technique was used for comparing all the six sports with respect to Locus of control\u27s-Score- All the scores of comprehensive tension scale are converted to T-Score to find out the level of tension in each of six sports and also in total. It is found from The findings that the study indicates that there is no significant difference among female players of Athletics, Weight Lifting, Judo, Badminton, Swimming and Table Tennis. &nbsp

Impact of wastage on single and multi-dose vaccine vials: implications for introducing pneumococcal vaccines in developing countries

Introduction: Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines are expensive relative to those in the EPI systems of low-income countries. The current single-dose presentation costs more to store in the cold chain relative to multi-dose presentations but also has lower wastage rates. It is, therefore, important to determine the optimal balance of vial size and storage costs after adjusting for wastage. Objectives: To project the cost implications of wastage when vaccine wastage rates vary across vial sizes using country specific wastage data. Methods: For each potential vial size, we estimated cold chain costs and the cost of wasted vaccine doses using country level wastage data and projections of the price per dose of vaccine and cold chain storage. Results: Only 19 (26%) of 72 GAVI eligible countries had analyzable wastage data at WHO/HQ. The median wastage rates for single, 2- and 10-dose vials were 5%, 7% and 10% respectively. However wastage varied between 1%-10%, 1%-27% and 4%-44% for single, 2- and 10-dose vials respectively. The increased variance for multi-dose vial wastage implied wastage costs potentially greater than the savings realized from lower storage volumes. Conclusions: The optimal vial-size for PCV is dependent upon country specific wastage rates but few countries have these data. There may be a role for both single and multi-dose vials that is best determined by local management and storage capacities making local wastage data critical. Without effective wastage monitoring and control there is a risk that wastage costs will possibly exceed the savings from multi-dose vials? lower storage costs

Disrespectful intrapartum care during facility-based delivery in sub-Saharan Africa: A qualitative systematic review and thematic synthesis of women's perceptions and experiences

The psycho-social elements of labour and delivery are central to any woman's birth experience, but international efforts to reduce maternal mortality in low-income contexts have neglected these aspects and focused on technological birth. In many contexts, maternity care is seen as dehumanised and disrespectful, which can have a negative impact on utilisation of services. We undertook a systematic review and meta-synthesis of the growing literature on women's experiences of facility-based delivery in sub-Saharan Africa to examine the drivers of disrespectful intrapartum care. Using PRISMA guidelines, databases were searched from 1990 to 06 May 2015, and 25 original studies were included for thematic synthesis. Analytical themes, that were theoretically informed and cognisant of the cultural and social context in which the dynamics of disrespectful care occur, enabled a fresh interpretation of the factors driving midwives' behaviour. A conceptual framework was developed to show how macro-, meso- and micro-level drivers of disrespectful care interact. The synthesis revealed a prevailing model of maternity care that is institution-centred, rather than woman-centred. Women's experiences illuminate midwives' efforts to maintain power and control by situating birth as a medical event and to secure status by focusing on the technical elements of care, including controlling bodies and knowledge. Midwives and women are caught between medical and social models of birth. Global policies encouraging facility-based delivery are forcing women to swap the psycho-emotional care they would receive from traditional midwives for the technical care that professional midwives are currently offering. Any action to change the current performance and dynamic of birth relies on the participation of midwives, but their voices are largely missing from the discourse. Future research should explore their perceptions of the value and practice of interpersonal aspects of maternity care and the impact of disrespectful care on their sense of professionalism and personal ethics

Midwives’ perspectives on (dis)respectful intrapartum care during facility-based delivery in sub-Saharan Africa: a qualitative systematic review and meta-synthesis

Background In the past decade, the negative impact of disrespectful maternity care on women’s utilisation and experiences of facility-based delivery has been well documented. Less is known about midwives’ perspectives on these labour ward dynamics. Yet efforts to provide care that satisfies women’s psycho-socio-cultural needs rest on midwives’ capacity and willingness to provide it. We performed a systematic review of the emerging literature documenting midwives’ perspectives to explore the broader drivers of (dis)respectful care during facility-based delivery in the sub-Saharan African context. Methods Seven databases (CINAHL, PsychINFO, PsychArticles, Embase, Global Health, Maternity and Infant Care and PubMed) were systematically searched from 1990 to May 2018. Primary qualitative studies with a substantial focus on the interpersonal aspects of care were eligible if they captured midwives’ voices and perspectives. Study quality was independently assessed by two reviewers and PRISMA guidelines were followed. The results and findings from each study were synthesised using an existing conceptual framework of the drivers of disrespectful care. Results Eleven papers from six countries were included and six main themes were identified. ‘Power and control’ and ‘Maintaining midwives’ status’ reflected midwives’ focus on the micro-level interactions of the mother-midwife dyad. Meso-level drivers of disrespectful care were: the constraints of the ‘Work environment and resources’; concerns about ‘Midwives’ position in the health systems hierarchy’; and the impact of ‘Midwives’ conceptualisations of respectful maternity care’. An emerging theme outlined the ‘Impact on midwives’ of (dis)respectful care. Conclusion We used a theoretically informed conceptual framework to move beyond the micro-level and interrogate the social, cultural and historical factors that underpin (dis)respectful care. Controlling women was a key theme, echoing women’s experiences, but midwives paid less attention to the social inequalities that distress women. The synthesis highlighted midwives’ low status in the health system hierarchy, while organisational cultures of blame and a lack of consideration for them as professionals effectively constitute disrespect and abuse of these health workers. Broader, interdisciplinary perspectives on the wider drivers of midwives’ disrespectful attitudes and behaviours are crucial if efforts to improve the maternity care environment - for women and midwives - are to succeed