1,405 research outputs found
Teardrops on My Face: Automatic Weeping Detection from Nonverbal Behavior
Human emotional tears are a powerful socio-emotional signal. Yet, they have received relatively little attention in empirical research compared to facial expressions or body posture. While humans are highly sensitive to others' tears, to date, no automatic means exist for detecting spontaneous weeping. This paper employed facial and postural features extracted using four pre-trained classifiers (FACET, Affdex, OpenFace, OpenPose) to train a Support Vector Machine (SVM) to distinguish spontaneous weepers from non-weepers. Results showed that weeping can be accurately inferred from nonverbal behavior. Importantly, this distinction can be made before the appearance of visible tears on the face. However, features from at least two classifiers need to be combined, with the best models blending three or four classifiers to achieve near-perfect performance (97% accuracy). We discuss how direct and indirect tear detection methods may help to yield important new insights into the antecedents and consequences of emotional tears and how affective computing could benefit from the ability to recognize and respond to this uniquely human signal
Statistical evaluation of the flux cross-calibration of the XMM-Newton EPIC cameras
The second XMM-Newton serendipitous source catalogue, 2XMM, provides the
ideal data base for performing a statistical evaluation of the flux
cross-calibration of the XMM-Newton European Photon Imaging Cameras (EPIC). We
aim to evaluate the status of the relative flux calibration of the EPIC cameras
on board XMM-Newton (MOS1, MOS2, and pn) and investigate the dependence of the
calibration on energy, position in the field of view of the X-ray detectors,
and lifetime of the mission. We compiled the distribution of flux percentage
differences for large samples of 'good quality' objects detected with at least
two of the EPIC cameras. The mean offset of the fluxes and dispersion of the
distributions was then found by Gaussian fitting. Count rate to flux conversion
was performed with a fixed spectral model. The impact on the results of varying
this model was investigated. Excellent agreement was found between the two EPIC
MOS cameras to better than 4% from 0.2 keV to 12.0 keV. MOS cameras register
7-9% higher flux than pn below 4.5 keV and 10-13% flux excess above 4.5 keV. No
evolution of the flux ratios is seen with time, except at energies below 0.5
keV, where we found a strong decrease in the MOS to pn flux ratio with time.
This effect is known to be due to a gradually degrading MOS redistribution
function. The flux ratios show some dependence on distance from the optical
axis in the sense that the MOS to pn flux excess increases with off-axis angle.
Furthermore, in the 4.5-12.0 keV band there is a strong dependence of the MOS
to pn excess flux on the azimuthal-angle. These results strongly suggest that
the calibration of the Reflection Grating Array (RGA) blocking factors is
incorrect at high energies. Finally, we recommend ways to improve the
calculation of fluxes in future versions of XMM-Newton source catalogues.Comment: 11 pages, 10 figures, 3 tables. Abridged Abstract. Accepted for
publication in Astronomy and Astrophysic
Analyzing X-Ray Pulsar Profiles: Geometry and Beam Pattern of Her X-1
We report on our analysis of a large sample of energy dependent pulse
profiles of the X-ray binary pulsar Hercules X-1. We find that all data are
compatible with the assumption of a slightly distorted magnetic dipole field as
sole cause of the asymmetry of the observed pulse profiles. Further the
analysis provides evidence that the emission from both poles is equal. We
determine an angle of 20 deg between the rotation axis and the local magnetic
axis. One pole has an offset of 5 deg from the antipodal position of the other
pole. The beam pattern shows structures that can be interpreted as pencil- and
fan-beam configurations. Since no assumptions on the polar emission are made,
the results can be compared with various emission models. A comparison of
results obtained from pulse profiles of different phases of the 35-day cycle
indicates different attenuation of the radiation from the poles being
responsible for the change of the pulse shape during the main-on state. These
results also suggest the resolution of an ambiguity within a previous analysis
of pulse profiles of Cen X-3, leading to a unique result for the beam pattern
of this pulsar as well. The analysis of pulse profiles of the short-on state
indicates that a large fraction of the radiation cannot be attributed to the
direct emission from the poles. We give a consistent explanation of both the
evolution of the pulse profile and the spectral changes with the 35-day cycle
in terms of a warped precessing accretion disk.Comment: 24 pages, 12 figures. To appear in ApJ 529 #2, 1 Feb 200
Laser-microdissection unravels cell-type specific transcription in > arbuscular mycorrhizal roots, including CAAT-box TF gene expression correlating with fungal contact and spread
Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) are the most widespread symbioses on Earth, promoting nutrient supply of most terrestrial plant species. To unravel gene expression in defined stages of Medicago truncatula root colonization by AM fungi, we here combined genome-wide transcriptome profiling based on whole mycorrhizal roots with real-time RT-PCR experiments that relied on characteristic cell-types obtained via laser-microdissection. Our genome-wide approach delivered a core set of 512 genes significantly activated by the two mycorrhizal fungi Glomus intraradices and Glomus mossae. Focussing on 62 of these genes being related to membrane transport, signaling, and transcriptional regulation, we distinguished whether they are activated in arbuscule-containing or the neighbouring cortical cells harbouring fungal hyphae. In addition, cortical cells from non-mycorrhizal roots served as a reference for gene expression under non-colonized conditions. Our analysis identified 25 novel arbuscule-specific genes and 37 genes expressed both in the arbuscule-containing and the adjacent cortical cells colonized by fungal hyphae. Amongst the AM-induced genes specifying transcriptional regulators were two members encoding CAAT-box binding transcription factors (CBF), designated MtCbf1 and MtCbf2. Promoter analyses demonstrated that both genes were already activated by the first physical contact between the symbionts. Subsequently, and corresponding to our cell-type expression patterns, they were progressively up-regulated in those cortical areas colonized by fungal hyphae, including the arbuscule-containing cells. The encoded CBFs thus represent excellent candidates for regulators that mediate a sequential reprogramming of root tissues during the establishment of an AM symbiosi
Research in Geant4 electromagnetic physics design, and its effects on computational performance and quality assurance
The Geant4 toolkit offers a rich variety of electromagnetic physics models;
so far the evaluation of this Geant4 domain has been mostly focused on its
physics functionality, while the features of its design and their impact on
simulation accuracy, computational performance and facilities for verification
and validation have not been the object of comparable attention yet, despite
the critical role they play in many experimental applications. A new project is
in progress to study the application of new design concepts and software
techniques in Geant4 electromagnetic physics, and to evaluate how they can
improve on the current simulation capabilities. The application of a
policy-based class design is investigated as a means to achieve the objective
of granular decomposition of processes; this design technique offers various
advantages in terms of flexibility of configuration and computational
performance. The current Geant4 physics models have been re-implemented
according to the new design as a pilot project. The main features of the new
design and first results of performance improvement and testing simplification
are presented; they are relevant to many Geant4 applications, where
computational speed and the containment of resources invested in simulation
production and quality assurance play a critical role.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures and images, to appear in proceedings of the
Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference 2009, Orland
Impact of loss of high-molecular-weight von Willebrand factor multimers on blood loss after aortic valve replacement
Background Severe aortic stenosis is associated with loss of the largest von Willebrand factor (vWF) multimers, which could affect primary haemostasis. We hypothesized that the altered multimer structure with the loss of the largest multimers increases postoperative bleeding in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement. Methods We prospectively included 60 subjects with severe aortic stenosis. Before and after aortic valve replacement, vWF antigen, activity, and multimer structure were determined and platelet function was measured by impedance aggregometry. Blood loss from mediastinal drainage and the use of blood and haemostatic products were evaluated perioperatively. Results Before operation, the altered multimer structure was present in 48 subjects (80%). Baseline characteristics and laboratory data were similar in all subjects. The median blood loss after 6 h was 250 (105-400) and 145 (85-240) ml in the groups with the altered and normal multimer structures, respectively (P=0.182). After 24 h, the cumulative loss was 495 (270-650) and 375 (310-600) ml in the groups with the altered and normal multimer structures, respectively (P=0.713). Multivariable analysis revealed no significant influence of multimer structure and platelet function on bleeding volumes after 6 and 24 h. After 24 h, there was no obvious difference in vWF antigen, activity, and multimer structure in subjects with and without the altered multimer structure before operation or in subjects with and without perioperative plasma transfusion. Conclusions The altered vWF multimer structure before operation was not associated with increased bleeding after aortic valve replacement. Our findings might be explained by perioperative release of vWF and rapid recovery of the largest vWF multimer
Manipulation of FASTQ data with Galaxy
Summary: Here, we describe a tool suite that functions on all of the commonly known FASTQ format variants and provides a pipeline for manipulating next generation sequencing data taken from a sequencing machine all the way through the quality filtering steps
Origins and composition of fine atmospheric carbonaceous aerosol in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California
In this paper we report chemically resolved measurements
of organic aerosol (OA) and related tracers during the Biosphere Effects on Aerosols and Photochemistry Experiment (BEARPEX) at the Blodgett Forest Research Station, California from 15 August–10 October 2007. OA contributed the majority of the mass to the fine atmospheric particles and was predominately oxygenated (OOA). The highest concentrations of OA were during sporadic wildfire influence when aged plumes were impacting the site. In
situ measurements of particle phase molecular markers were dominated by secondary compounds and along with gas phase compounds could be categorized into six factors or sources: (1) aged biomass burning emissions and oxidized urban emissions, (2) oxidized urban emissions (3) oxidation products of monoterpene emissions, (4) monoterpene emissions, (5) anthropogenic emissions and (6) local
methyl chavicol emissions and oxidation products. There were multiple biogenic components that contributed to OA at this site whose contributions varied diurnally, seasonally and in response to changing meteorological conditions, e.g. temperature and precipitation events. Concentrations of isoprene oxidation products were larger when temperatures were higher during the first half of the campaign (15 August–12 September) due to more substantial emissions of isoprene and enhanced photochemistry. The oxidation of methyl chavicol, an oxygenated terpene emitted by
ponderosa pine trees, contributed similarly to OA throughout the campaign. In contrast, the abundances of monoterpene oxidation products in the particle phase were greater during the cooler conditions in the latter half of the campaign (13 September–10 October), even though emissions of the precursors were lower, although the mechanism is not known. OA was correlated with the anthropogenic tracers 2-propyl nitrate and carbon monoxide (CO), consistent with previous observations, while being comprised of mostly non-fossil carbon (>75%). The correlation between OA and an anthropogenic tracer does not necessarily identify the source of the carbon as being anthropogenic but instead suggests a coupling between the anthropogenic and biogenic components in the air mass that might be related to the source of the oxidant and/or the aerosol sulfate. Observations of organosulfates of isoprene and α-pinene provided evidence for the likely importance of aerosol sulfate in spite of neutralized aerosol although acidic plumes might have played a role upwind of the site. This is in contrast to laboratory studies where strongly acidic seed aerosols were needed in order to form these compounds. These compounds together represented only a minor fraction (<1%) of the total OA mass, which may be the result of the neutralized aerosol at the site or because only a small number of organosulfates were quantified. The low contribution of organosulfates to total OA suggests that other mechanisms, e.g. NO_x enhancement of oxidant levels, are likely responsible for the majority of the anthropogenic enhancement of biogenic secondary organic aerosol observed at this site
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