Analiza sytuacji kształcenia lekarzy w Polsce

врачи, профессия врача, нехватка врачей в регионах, Республика Польша, медицинские кадр

A composite approach to produce reference datasets for extratropical cyclone tracks: application to Mediterranean cyclones

Many cyclone detection and tracking methods (CDTMs) have been developed in the past to study the climatology of extratropical cyclones. However, all CDTMs have different approaches in defining and tracking cyclone centers. This naturally leads to cyclone track climatologies with inconsistent physical characteristics. More than that, it is typical for CDTMs to produce a non-negligible number of tracks of weak atmospheric features, which do not correspond to large-scale or mesoscale vortices and can differ significantly between CDTMs. Lack of consensus in CDTM outputs and the inclusion of significant numbers of uncertain tracks therein have long prohibited the production of a commonly accepted reference dataset of extratropical cyclone tracks. Such a dataset could allow comparable results on the analysis of storm track climatologies and could also contribute to the evaluation and improvement of CDTMs. To cover this gap, we present a new methodological approach that combines overlapping tracks from different CDTMs and produces composite tracks that concentrate the agreement of more than one CDTM. In this study we apply this methodology to the outputs of 10 well-established CDTMs which were originally applied to ERA5 reanalysis in the 42-year period of 1979-2020. We tested the sensitivity of our results to the spatiotemporal criteria that identify overlapping cyclone tracks, and for benchmarking reasons, we produced five reference datasets of subjectively tracked cyclones. Results show that climatological numbers of composite tracks are substantially lower than the ones of individual CDTMs, while benchmarking scores remain high (i.e., counting the number of subjectively tracked cyclones captured by the composite tracks). Our results show that composite tracks tend to describe more intense and longer-lasting cyclones with more distinguished early, mature and decay stages than the cyclone tracks produced by individual CDTMs. Ranking the composite tracks according to their confidence level (defined by the number of contributing CDTMs), it is shown that the higher the confidence level, the more intense and long-lasting cyclones are produced. Given the advantage of our methodology in producing cyclone tracks with physically meaningful and distinctive life stages, we propose composite tracks as reference datasets for climatological research in the Mediterranean. The Supplement provides the composite Mediterranean tracks for all confidence levels, and in the conclusion we discuss their adequate use for scientific research and applications

Review article: A European perspective on wind and storm damage – from the meteorological background to index-based approaches to assess impacts

Wind and windstorms cause severe damage to natural and human-made environments. Thus, wind-related risk assessment is vital for the preparation and mitigation of calamities. However, the cascade of events leading to damage depends on many factors that are environment-specific and the available methods to address wind-related damage often require sophisticated analysis and specialization. Fortunately, simple indices and thresholds are as effective as complex mechanistic models for many applications. Nonetheless, the multitude of indices and thresholds available requires a careful selection process according to the target sector. Here, we first provide a basic background on wind and storm formation and characteristics, followed by a comprehensive collection of both indices and thresholds that can be used to predict the occurrence and magnitude of wind and storm damage. We focused on five key sectors: forests, urban areas, transport, agriculture and wind-based energy production. For each sector we described indices and thresholds relating to physical properties such as topography and land cover but also to economic aspects (e.g. disruptions in transportation or energy production). In the face of increased climatic variability, the promotion of more effective analysis of wind and storm damage could reduce the impact on society and the environment.</p

Prisoners of the Capitalist Machine: Captivity and the Corporate Engineer

This chapter will focus on how engineering practice is conditioned by an economic system which promotes production for profit and economic growth as an end in itself. As such it will focus on the notion of the captivity of engineering which emanates from features of the economic system. By drawing on Critical Realism and a Marxist literature, and by focusing on the issues of safety and sustainability (in particular the issue of climate change), it will examine the extent to which disasters and workplace accidents result from the economic imperative for profitable production and how efforts by engineers to address climate change are undermined by an on-going commitment to growth. It will conclude by arguing that the structural constraints on engineering practice require new approaches to teaching engineers about ethics and social responsibility. It will argue that Critical Realism offers a framework for the teaching of engineering ethics which would pay proper attention to the structural context of engineers work without eliminating the possibility of engineers working for radical change

A composite approach to produce reference datasets for extratropical cyclone tracks: application to Mediterranean cyclones

Many cyclone detection and tracking methods (CDTMs) have been developed in the past to study the climatology of extratropical cyclones. However, all CDTMs have different approaches in defining and tracking cyclone centers. This naturally leads to cyclone track climatologies with inconsistent physical characteristics. More than that, it is typical for CDTMs to produce a non-negligible number of tracks of weak atmospheric features, which do not correspond to large-scale or mesoscale vortices and can differ significantly between CDTMs. Lack of consensus in CDTM outputs and the inclusion of significant numbers of uncertain tracks therein have long prohibited the production of a commonly accepted reference dataset of extratropical cyclone tracks. Such a dataset could allow comparable results on the analysis of storm track climatologies and could also contribute to the evaluation and improvement of CDTMs. To cover this gap, we present a new methodological approach that combines overlapping tracks from different CDTMs and produces composite tracks that concentrate the agreement of more than one CDTM. In this study we apply this methodology to the outputs of 10 well-established CDTMs which were originally applied to ERA5 reanalysis in the 42-year period of 1979–2020. We tested the sensitivity of our results to the spatiotemporal criteria that identify overlapping cyclone tracks, and for benchmarking reasons, we produced five reference datasets of subjectively tracked cyclones. Results show that climatological numbers of composite tracks are substantially lower than the ones of individual CDTMs, while benchmarking scores remain high (i.e., counting the number of subjectively tracked cyclones captured by the composite tracks). Our results show that composite tracks tend to describe more intense and longer-lasting cyclones with more distinguished early, mature and decay stages than the cyclone tracks produced by individual CDTMs. Ranking the composite tracks according to their confidence level (defined by the number of contributing CDTMs), it is shown that the higher the confidence level, the more intense and long-lasting cyclones are produced. Given the advantage of our methodology in producing cyclone tracks with physically meaningful and distinctive life stages, we propose composite tracks as reference datasets for climatological research in the Mediterranean. The Supplement provides the composite Mediterranean tracks for all confidence levels, and in the conclusion we discuss their adequate use for scientific research and applications.</p

Analiza czynników wpływających na fotometrię systemu optyczno-świetlnego lampy samochodowej typu CHMSL

The article presents an analysis of the construction of CHMSL (Centre High-Mounted Stop Lamp) car lamps and a study of the influence of individual components on the photometric parameters (light intensity). The authors have conducted a detailed study of the various design elements and the impact of their settings on each photometric parameter of the tested lamp. There is also a presentation of research results on the impact of plastic injection technologies used to manufacture the lamp, such as holding pressure, holding time and injection speed, on the photometric parameters of the CHMSL lamp’s optical system.Artykuł zawiera analizę budowy lampy samochodowej typu CHMSL, (ang. Centre High-Mounted Stop Lamp) oraz badania wpływu poszczególnych jej elementów konstrukcyjnych na parametry fotometryczne (natężenie światła). Autorzy przeprowadzili szczegółowe badania w zakresie wpływu konstrukcji poszczególnych elementów i ich ustawienia względem siebie na parametry fotometryczne badanej lampy. Przedstawiono również wyniki badań w zakresie wpływu wykonania elementów lampy w technologii wtrysku tworzyw sztucznych takich jak: ciśnienie docisku, czas docisku i prędkość wtrysku na parametry fotometryczne całego systemu optyczno-świetlnego lampy typu CHMSL

Study of the impact of technological factors on the photometric parameters of CHMSL automotive lamps

W pracy podjęto problem oceny wpływu jakości wykonania gniazd form wtryskowych oraz dokładności montażu soczewki zewnętrznej z obudową na parametry fotometryczne (natężenie światła) systemu optyczno-świetlnego lampy typu CHMSL, ang. Center High-Mounted Stop Lamp. Analizując literaturę z tej dziedziny można zauważyć niszę w badaniach dotyczących dokładności montażu oraz wpływu czynników technologicznych na parametry fotometryczne lamp samochodowych. Autorzy przedstawili szczegółowe badania wykonane zgodnie z normą E/ECE/324 Europejskiej Komisji Gospodarczej. Przeprowadzone badania umożliwiły zweryfikowanie dotychczasowej wiedzy na temat wpływu różnych czynników technologicznych na jakość wykonania trzeciej lampy stopu oraz określenie podstawowych parametrów, dzięki którym można poprawić bezpieczeństwo uczestników ruchu drogowego.In this study, assessment of the impact of the workmanship of injection mould cavities and of the precision of external lens and housing installation on the photometric parameters (light intensity) of the lighting system of a CHMSL lamp, or Center High-Mounted Stop Lamp, was undertaken. Analysis of the literature concerning this field shows a niche in studies involving precision of installation and the impact of technological factors on the photometric parameters of automotive lamps. The authors have presented detailed tests performed in accordance with standard E/ECE/324 of the European Economic Commission. These tests made it possible to verify current knowledge on the impact of various technological factors on the workmanship of the third stop lamp and to determine basic parameters thanks to which the safety of travellers on the road can be improved