3,341 research outputs found
Considering the impact of situation-specific motivations and constraints in the design of naturally ventilated and hybrid buildings
A simple logical model of the interaction between a building and its occupants is presented based on the principle that if free to do so, people will adjust their posture, clothing or available building controls (windows, blinds, doors, fans, and thermostats) with the aim of achieving or restoring comfort and reducing discomfort. These adjustments are related to building design in two ways: first the freedom to adjust depends on the availability and ease-of-use of control options; second the use of controls affects building comfort and energy performance. Hence it is essential that these interactions are considered in the design process. The model captures occupant use of controls in response to thermal stimuli (too warm, too cold etc.) and non-thermal stimuli (e.g. desire for fresh air). The situation-specific motivations and constraints on control use are represented through trigger temperatures at which control actions occur, motivations are included as negative constraints and incorporated into a single constraint value describing the specifics of each situation. The values of constraints are quantified for a range of existing buildings in Europe and Pakistan. The integration of the model within a design flow is proposed and the impact of different levels of constraints demonstrated. It is proposed that to minimise energy use and maximise comfort in naturally ventilated and hybrid buildings the designer should take the following steps: 1. Provide unconstrained low energy adaptive control options where possible, 2. Avoid problems with indoor air quality which provide motivations for excessive ventilation rates, 3. Incorporate situation-specific adaptive behaviour of occupants in design simulations, 4. Analyse the robustness of designs against variations in patterns of use and climate, and 5. Incorporate appropriate comfort standards into the operational building controls (e.g. BEMS)
The unusual thickness dependence of superconductivity in -MoGe thin films
Thin films of -MoGe show progressively reduced 's as the
thickness is decreased below 30 nm and the sheet resistance exceeds 100
. We have performed far-infrared transmission and reflection
measurements for a set of -MoGe films to characterize this weakened
superconducting state. Our results show the presence of an energy gap with
ratio in all films studied, slightly higher
than the BCS value, even though the transition temperatures decrease
significantly as film thickness is reduced. The material properties follow
BCS-Eliashberg theory with a large residual scattering rate except that the
coherence peak seen in the optical scattering rate is found to be strongly
smeared out in the thinner superconducting samples. A peak in the optical mass
renormalization at is predicted and observed for the first time
Signatures of superconducting gap inhomogeneities in optical properties
Scanning tunneling spectroscopy applied to the high- cuprates has
revealed significant spatial inhomogeneity on the nanoscale. Regions on the
order of a coherence length in size show variations of the magnitude of the
superconducting gap of order or more. An important unresolved question
is whether or not these variations are also present in the bulk, and how they
influence superconducting properties. As many theories and data analyses for
high- superconductivity assume spatial homogeneity of the gap magnitude,
this is a pressing question. We consider the far-infrared optical conductivity
and evaluate, within an effective medium approximation, what signatures of
spatial variations in gap magnitude are present in various optical quantities.
In addition to the case of d-wave superconductivity, relevant to the high-
cuprates, we have also considered s-wave gap symmetry in order to provide
expected signatures of inhomogeneities for superconductors in general. While
signatures of gap inhomogeneities can be strongly manifested in s-wave
superconductors, we find that the far-infrared optical conductivity in d-wave
is robust against such inhomogeneity.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figure
Dibaryons and where to find them
In recent years there has been tremendous progress in the investigation of
bound systems of quarks with multiplicities beyond the more usual two- and
three-quark systems. Experimental and theoretical progress has been made in the
four-, five- and even six-quark sectors. In this paper, we review the possible
lightest six-quark states using a simple ansatz based on SU(3) symmetry and
evaluate the most promising decay branches. The work will be useful to help
focus future experimental searches in this six-quark sector.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2012.1144
N-type calcium current, Cav2.2, is enhanced in small diameter sensory neurons isolated from Nf1+/− mice
Major aspects of neuronal function are regulated by Ca2+ including neurotransmitter release, excitability, developmental plasticity, and gene expression. We reported previously that sensory neurons isolated from a mouse model with a heterozygous mutation of the Nf1 gene (Nf1+/−) exhibited both greater excitability and evoked release of neuropeptides compared to wildtype mice. Furthermore, augmented voltage-dependent sodium currents but not potassium currents contribute to the enhanced excitability. To determine the mechanisms giving rise to the enhanced release of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in the Nf1+/− sensory neurons, the potential differences in the total voltage-dependent calcium current (ICa) as well as the contributions of individual Ca2+ channel subtypes were assessed. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from small diameter capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons demonstrated that the average peak ICa densities were not different between the two genotypes. However, by using selective blockers of channel subtypes, the current density of N-type (Cav2.2) ICa was significantly larger in Nf1+/− neurons compared to wildtype neurons. In contrast, there were no significant differences in L-, P/Q- and R-type currents between the two genotypes. Quantitative real-time PCR measurements made from the isolated but intact dorsal root ganglia indicated that N-type (Cav2.2) and P/Q-type (Cav2.1) Ca2+ channels exhibited the highest mRNA expression levels although there were no significant differences in the levels of mRNA expression between the genotypes. These results suggest that the augmented N-type (Cav2.2) ICa observed in the Nf1+/− sensory neurons does not result from genomic differences but may reflect post-translational or some other non-genomic modifications. Thus, our results demonstrate that sensory neurons from Nf1+/− mice, exhibit increased N-type ICa and likely account for the increased release of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide that occurs in Nf1+/− sensory neurons
Synchronization Landscapes in Small-World-Connected Computer Networks
Motivated by a synchronization problem in distributed computing we studied a
simple growth model on regular and small-world networks, embedded in one and
two-dimensions. We find that the synchronization landscape (corresponding to
the progress of the individual processors) exhibits Kardar-Parisi-Zhang-like
kinetic roughening on regular networks with short-range communication links.
Although the processors, on average, progress at a nonzero rate, their spread
(the width of the synchronization landscape) diverges with the number of nodes
(desynchronized state) hindering efficient data management. When random
communication links are added on top of the one and two-dimensional regular
networks (resulting in a small-world network), large fluctuations in the
synchronization landscape are suppressed and the width approaches a finite
value in the large system-size limit (synchronized state). In the resulting
synchronization scheme, the processors make close-to-uniform progress with a
nonzero rate without global intervention. We obtain our results by ``simulating
the simulations", based on the exact algorithmic rules, supported by
coarse-grained arguments.Comment: 20 pages, 22 figure
Efficient massively parallel simulation of dynamic channel assignment schemes for wireless cellular communications
Fast, efficient parallel algorithms are presented for discrete event simulations of dynamic channel assignment schemes for wireless cellular communication networks. The driving events are call arrivals and departures, in continuous time, to cells geographically distributed across the service area. A dynamic channel assignment scheme decides which call arrivals to accept, and which channels to allocate to the accepted calls, attempting to minimize call blocking while ensuring co-channel interference is tolerably low. Specifically, the scheme ensures that the same channel is used concurrently at different cells only if the pairwise distances between those cells are sufficiently large. Much of the complexity of the system comes from ensuring this separation. The network is modeled as a system of interacting continuous time automata, each corresponding to a cell. To simulate the model, conservative methods are used; i.e., methods in which no errors occur in the course of the simulation and so no rollback or relaxation is needed. Implemented on a 16K processor MasPar MP-1, an elegant and simple technique provides speedups of about 15 times over an optimized serial simulation running on a high speed workstation. A drawback of this technique, typical of conservative methods, is that processor utilization is rather low. To overcome this, new methods were developed that exploit slackness in event dependencies over short intervals of time, thereby raising the utilization to above 50 percent and the speedup over the optimized serial code to about 120 times
Optical absorption in the strong coupling limit of Eliashberg theory
We calculate the optical conductivity of superconductors in the
strong-coupling limit. In this anomalous limit the typical energy scale is set
by the coupling energy, and other energy scales such as the energy of the
bosons mediating the attraction are negligibly small. We find a universal
frequency dependence of the optical absorption which is dominated by bound
states and differs significantly from the weak coupling results. A comparison
with absorption spectra of superconductors with enhanced electron-phonon
coupling shows that typical features of the strong-coupling limit are already
present at intermediate coupling.Comment: 10 pages, revtex, 4 uuencoded figure
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