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Volumetric Calibration Refinement using masked back projection and image correlation superposition
This paper deals with a new, reconstruction based, approach of refining a volumetric calibration. The technique is based on a 2D cross-correlation between particle images on the sensor plane with a planar back projection from a tomographic reconstruction in the same sensor plane to determine potential disparities between the initial camera calibration and the measurement. Additive superposition of the correlation maps from different sets or particle images allows reducing the influence of noise and ghost particles such that the systematic errors in the calibration can be corrected. The different sections describe the theory, the principle processing steps and the convergence of the procedure. Furthermore, the concept is proven by simulating the entire process of the measurement chain, with the help of a synthetic comparison. The results show that disparities of over 9 pixels could be corrected to an average of below 0.1 pixels during the refinement steps. Finally, the technique demonstrates it´s potential to measured data, where the numbers of outliers in the raw results are reduced after the volumetric calibration refinement
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Volumetric velocimetry study in a transitional wall jet flow with passive flow control via flaps
Birds are remarkably good flyers and show very special adaptations in their wings for stall delay. The pop-up of some cover feathers during starting and landing gave the idea for the present study to investigate the influence on a wall jet when inserting an array with flaps made of elastomer foil. In a wall jet with Re = 420 a flat plate and two different flap arrays (with a foil thickness of 100 and 200 µm) are measured by a time resolved 3D scanning PIV with 20 laser sheets. 2-dimensional analyses show the forming rolers between the jet flow and the surrounding fluid with a fundamental frequency of 13-14 Hz and the characteristically vortex pairing. By inserting the flap array the jet wallnormal spreading gets intensified and the vortex interaction process results in cooperative formation of larger vortices. The 3-dimensional analyses verify these results and show high 3-dimensional vortical structures which are growing when passing over a flap array. In case of the inserted flap array the vortex pairing process was delayed and accumulation of spanwise vorticity was forced to happen over the first rows of flaps, thus forming the larger structures. Already the used flap array configurations showed a significant impact influence on the jet evolution and the non-linear instabilities. Further investigations will analyze the influence of more parameters as the flap geometry or the distance to the jet flow and nozzle outlet
Investigation of the potentialities of photochemical laser systems. Part I - Survey and analysis Final report, 1 Feb. 1966 - 31 Jan. 1967
Photodissociative laser systems used to convert solar radiation to monochromatic coherent emission - excitation mechanisms, spectroscopy of gases absorbing light, and chemical processe
DIAL with heterodyne detection including speckle noise: Aircraft/shuttle measurements of O3, H2O, and NH3 with pulsed tunable CO2lasers
A parametric analysis of DIAL sensitivity with heterodyne detection is presented and comparisons with direct detection are discussed. Examples are given for monitoring vertical distributions of O3, H2O, and NH3 using a ground-, aircraft-, or shuttle-based pulsed tunable CO2 laser DIAL system. Results indicate that maximum sensitivity at minimum laser energy per measurement requires multiple pulse operation with the energy per pulse selected so that the measured photon rate is approximately equal to the detector IF bandwidth. Measurement sensitivities can be maximized and interference effects minimized by fine adjustment of measurement frequencies using the tunability of high pressure lasers. The use of rare isotope lasers minimizes loss due to CO2 atmospheric absorption
DIAL with heterodyne detection including speckle noise: Aircraft/shuttle measurements of O3, H2O, and NH3 with pulsed tunable CO2 lasers
Atmospheric trace constituent measurements with higher vertical resolution than attainable with passive radiometers are discussed. Infrared differential absorption lidar (DIAL), which depends on Mie scattering from aerosols, has special advantages for tropospheric and lower stratospheric applications and has great potential importance for measurements from shuttle and aircraft. Differential absorption lidar data reduction involves comparing large amplitude signals which have small differences. The accuracy of the trace constituent concentration inferred from DIAL measurements depends strongly on the errors in determining the amplitude of the signals. Thus, the commonly used SNR expression (signal divided by noise in the absence of signal) is not adequate to describe DIAL measurement accuracy and must be replaced by an expression which includes the random coherent (speckle) noise within the signal. A comprehensive DIAL computer algorithm is modified to include heterodyne detection and speckle noise. Examples for monitoring vertical distributions of O3, H2O, and NH3 using a ground-, aircraft-, or shuttle-based pulsed tunable CO2 laser DIAL system are given
Recursiveness, Switching, and Fluctuations in a Replicating Catalytic Network
A protocell model consisting of mutually catalyzing molecules is studied in
order to investigate how chemical compositions are transferred recursively
through cell divisions under replication errors. Depending on the path rate,
the numbers of molecules and species, three phases are found: fast switching
state without recursive production, recursive production, and itinerancy
between the above two states. The number distributions of the molecules in the
recursive states are shown to be log-normal except for those species that form
a core hypercycle, and are explained with the help of a heuristic argument.Comment: 4 pages (with 7 figures (6 color)), submitted to PR
Theory of I-V Characteristics of Magnetic Josephson Junctions
We analyze the electrical characteristics of a circuit consisting of a free
thin-film magnetic layer and source and drain electrodes that have opposite
magnetization orientations along the free magnet's two hard directions. We find
that when the circuit's current exceeds a critical value there is a sudden
resistance increase which can be large in relative terms if the currents to
source or drain are strongly spin polarized and the free magnet is thin. This
behavior can be partly understood in terms of a close analogy between the
magnetic circuit and a Josephson junction
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