Analisa Penyebab Penurunan Daya Saing Produk Susu Sapi Dalam Negeri Terhadap Susu Sapi Impor Pada Industri Pengolahan Susu (IPS) Dengan Metode Fault Tree Analysis (Fta) Dan Barrier Analysis

Produk peternakan sapi perah Indonesia dituntut untuk dapat bersaing ketat dengan produk negara lain, bukan untuk bersaing pada pasar Internasional tapi justru pasar dalam negeri Indonesia. Namun kondisi yang ada pada saat ini, produk susu perah lokal kuantitasnya tidak mampu mencukupi permintaan Industri Pengolahan Susu (IPS), kualitas tidak memenuhi standard milk codex, dan harga lebih tinggi dari susu impor, membuat peternak lokal kalah bersaing dengan negara-negara pengekspor susu dunia. IPS di Indonesia lebih memilih menggunakan susu impor dengan kualitas lebih baik dan harga lebih murah dari susu lokal. Mengingat kondisi geografi dan ekologis di Indonesia sebenarnya cocok untuk pengembangan peternakan sapi perah (agribisnis persusuan) serta besarnya permintaan susu dalam negeri, sebenarnya peternakan sapi perah Indonesia dapat lebih kompetitif. Oleh karena itu penting untuk dilakukan analisa mengidentifikasi akar penyebab masalah dari rendahnya daya saing susu sapi Indonesia terhadap susu sapi impor pada IPS. Analisa yang digunakan adalah analisa dengan metode Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) untuk mengetahui akar penyebab terjadinya suatu permasalahan. Sedangkan Barrier Analysis adalah proses sistematik yang digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi hambatan fisik, administrasi dan prosedur atau mengontrol tindakan pencegahan masalah yang dapat mencegah masalah terjadi kembali. Hasil analisa menunjukkan permasalahan utama lebih dominan disebabkan oleh faktor intern peternakan sendiri. Dari penelusuran akar penyebab permasalahan, dibuat troubleshooting yang berisi petunjuk pemecahan masalah jika permasalahan tersebut terjadi kembali baik troubleshooting permasalahan produktifitas, kuantitas, harga susu segar lokal yang tidak kompetitif terhadap susu segar impor dan rekomendasi tindakan perbaikan yang meliputi aspek man, methode, material, machine, mother nature, dan maintenance. Kata-kunci : daya saing, analisa pohon keputusan, barrier analysis, troubleshooting Indonesian dairy products are required to compete with products of other countries, not to compete on International markets but that the Indonesian domestic market. But the conditions that exist at this ndtime, local dairy milk products are not able to meet the demand quantity Milk Processing Industries (IPS), quality does not meet the standard codex milk, and milk prices are higher than imports, making local farmers unable to compete with dairy-exporting countries world. IPS in Indonesia prefer to use imported milk with better quality and cheaper prices than local milk. Given the geograph and ecology of the land in Indonesia was suitable for the development of dairy cattle (dairy agribusiness) and the huge domestic demand for milk, dairy cattle Indonesia actually can be more competitive. It is therefore important to do an analysis to identify the root cause of the problem of low competitiveness of Indonesian cow\u27s milk to cow\u27s milk imports in the IPS. The analysis method used was analysis by Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) to determine the root cause of a problem. While Barrier Analysis is a systematic process used to identify physical barriers, administrative and control procedures or precautionary measures to prevent the problems that the problem occurs again. Results of analysis showed the main problem is more dominant livestock affected by internal factors alone. By studying the root causes of problems, made ​​troubleshooting that contains troubleshooting tips for when problems occur again either troubleshooting the problems of productivity, quantity, price of local fresh milk which is not competitive against imports of fresh milk and recommend remedial action that includes aspects of man, method, material, machine , mother nature, and maintenance

Polaron Effects on Superexchange Interaction: Isotope Shifts of TNT_N, TCT_C, and T∗T^* in Layered Copper Oxides

A compact expression has been obtained for the superexchange coupling of magnetic ions via intermediate anions with regard to polaron effects at both magnetic ions and intermediate anions. This expression is used to analyze the main features of the behavior of isotope shifts for temperatures of three types in layered cuprates: the Neel temperatures ($T_N$), critical temperatures of transitions to a superconducting state ($T_C$), and characteristic temperatures of the pseudogap in the normal state ($T^*$).Comment: 4 pages, 1 figur

Conserved tertiary base pairing ensures proper RNA folding and efficient assembly of the signal recognition particle Alu domain

Proper folding of the RNA is an essential step in the assembly of functional ribonucleoprotein complexes. We examined the role of conserved base pairs formed between two distant loops in the Alu portion of the mammalian signal recognition particle RNA (SRP RNA) in SRP assembly and functions. Mutations disrupting base pairing interfere with folding of the Alu portion of the SRP RNA as monitored by probing the RNA structure and the binding of the protein SRP9/14. Complementary mutations rescue the defect establishing a role of the tertiary loop-loop interaction in RNA folding. The same mutations in the Alu domain have no major effect on binding of proteins to the S domain suggesting that the S domain can fold independently. Once assembled into a complete SRP, even particles that contain mutant RNA are active in arresting nascent chain elongation and translocation into microsomes, and, therefore, tertiary base pairing does not appear to be essential for these activities. Our results suggest a model in which the loop-loop interaction and binding of the protein SRP9/14 play an important role in the early steps of SRP RNA folding and assembl

Formation of hot tear under controlled solidification conditions

Aluminum alloy 7050 is known for its superior mechanical properties, and thus finds its application in aerospace industry. Vertical direct-chill (DC) casting process is typically employed for producing such an alloy. Despite its advantages, AA7050 is considered as a "hard-to-cast" alloy because of its propensity to cold cracking. This type of cracks occurs catastrophically and is difficult to predict. Previous research suggested that such a crack could be initiated by undeveloped hot tears (microscopic hot tear) formed during the DC casting process if they reach a certain critical size. However, validation of such a hypothesis has not been done yet. Therefore, a method to produce a hot tear with a controlled size is needed as part of the verification studies. In the current study, we demonstrate a method that has a potential to control the size of the created hot tear in a small-scale solidification process. We found that by changing two variables, cooling rate and displacement compensation rate, the size of the hot tear during solidification can be modified in a controlled way. An X-ray microtomography characterization technique is utilized to quantify the created hot tear. We suggest that feeding and strain rate during DC casting are more important compared with the exerted force on the sample for the formation of a hot tear. In addition, we show that there are four different domains of hot-tear development in the explored experimental window-compression, microscopic hot tear, macroscopic hot tear, and failure. The samples produced in the current study will be used for subsequent experiments that simulate cold-cracking conditions to confirm the earlier proposed model.This research was carried out within the Materials innovation institute (www.m2i.nl) research framework, project no. M42.5.09340

A population of eruptive variable protostars in VVV

We present the discovery of 816 high-amplitude infrared variable stars (?Ks > 1 mag) in 119 deg2 of the Galactic mid-plane covered by the VISTA Variables in the Via Lactea (VVV) survey. Almost all are new discoveries and about 50?per?cent are young stellar objects (YSOs). This provides further evidence that YSOs are the commonest high-amplitude infrared variable stars in the Galactic plane. In the 2010–2014 time series of likely YSOs, we find that the amplitude of variability increases towards younger evolutionary classes (class I and flat-spectrum sources) except on short time-scales ( 100 d) and 162 short-term variables. Eruptive YSOs and faders tend to have the highest amplitudes and eruptive systems have the reddest spectral energy distribution (SEDs). Follow-up spectroscopy in a companion paper verifies high accretion rates in the eruptive systems. Variable extinction is disfavoured by the two epochs of colour data. These discoveries increase the number of eruptive variable YSOs by a factor of at least 5, most being at earlier stages of evolution than the known FUor and EXor types. We find that eruptive variability is at least an order of magnitude more common in class I YSOs than class II YSOs. Typical outburst durations are 1–4 yr, between those of EXors and FUors. They occur in 3–6 per cent of class I YSOs over a 4 yr time span

Infrared spectroscopy of eruptive variable protostars from VVV

In a companion work (Paper I), we detected a large population of highly variable Young Stellar Objects (YSOs) in the Vista Variables in the Via Lactea (VVV) survey, typically with class I or flat spectrum spectral energy distributions and diverse light-curve types. Here we present infrared spectra (0.9–2.5??m) of 37 of these variables, many of them observed in a bright state. The spectra confirm that 15/18 sources with eruptive light curves have signatures of a high accretion rate, either showing EXor-like emission features (?v = 2 CO, Br?) and/or FUor-like features (?v = 2 CO and H2O strongly in absorption). Similar features were seen in some long-term periodic YSOs and faders but not in dippers or short-term variables. The sample includes some dusty Mira variables (typically distinguished by smooth Mira-like light curves), two cataclysmic variables and a carbon star. In total, we have added 19 new objects to the broad class of eruptive variable YSOs with episodic accretion. Eruptive variable YSOs in our sample that were observed at bright states show higher accretion luminosities than the rest of the sample. Most of the eruptive variables differ from the established FUor and EXor subclasses, showing intermediate outburst durations and a mixture of their spectroscopic characteristics. This is in line with a small number of other recent discoveries. Since these previously atypical objects are now the majority amongst embedded members of the class, we propose a new classification for them as MNors. This term (pronounced emnor) follows V1647 Ori, the illuminating star of McNeil's Nebula

Thinking about Later Life: Insights from the Capability Approach

A major criticism of mainstream gerontological frameworks is the inability of such frameworks to appreciate and incorporate issues of diversity and difference in engaging with experiences of aging. Given the prevailing socially structured nature of inequalities, such differences matter greatly in shaping experiences, as well as social constructions, of aging. I argue that Amartya Sen’s capability approach (2009) potentially offers gerontological scholars a broad conceptual framework that places at its core consideration of human beings (their values) and centrality of human diversity. As well as identifying these key features of the capability approach, I discuss and demonstrate their relevance to thinking about old age and aging. I maintain that in the context of complex and emerging identities in later life that shape and are shaped by shifting people-place and people-people relationships, Sen’s capability approach offers significant possibilities for gerontological research

Probing the very-high-energy gamma-ray spectral curvature in the blazar PG 1553+113 with the MAGIC telescopes

PG 1553+113 is a very-high-energy (VHE, $E>100\,\mathrm{GeV}$) $\gamma$-ray emitter classified as a BL Lac object. Its redshift is constrained by intergalactic absorption lines in the range $0.4<z<0.58$. The MAGIC telescopes have monitored the source's activity since 2005. In early 2012, PG 1553+113 was found in a high-state, and later, in April of the same year, the source reached its highest VHE flux state detected so far. Simultaneous observations carried out in X-rays during 2012 April show similar flaring behaviour. In contrast, the $\gamma$-ray flux at $E<100\,\mathrm{GeV}$ observed by Fermi-LAT is compatible with steady emission. In this paper, a detailed study of the flaring state is presented. The VHE spectrum shows clear curvature, being well fitted either by a power law with an exponential cut-off or by a log-parabola. A simple power-law fit hypothesis for the observed shape of the PG 1553+113 VHE $\gamma$-ray spectrum is rejected with a high significance (fit probability P=2.6 $\times 10^{-6}$). The observed curvature is compatible with the extragalactic background light (EBL) imprint predicted by current generation EBL models assuming a redshift $z\sim0.4$. New constraints on the redshift are derived from the VHE spectrum. These constraints are compatible with previous limits and suggest that the source is most likely located around the optical lower limit, $z=0.4$, based on the detection of Ly$\alpha$ absorption. Finally, we find that the synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model gives a satisfactory description of the observed multi-wavelength spectral energy distribution during the flare.Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA

Multivariate SCADA data analysis methods for real-world wind turbine power curve monitoring

Due to the stochastic nature of the source, wind turbines operate under non-stationary conditions and the extracted power depends non-trivially on ambient conditions and working parameters. It is therefore difficult to establish a normal behavior model for monitoring the performance of a wind turbine and the most employed approach is to be driven by data. The power curve of a wind turbine is the relation between the wind intensity and the extracted power and is widely employed for monitoring wind turbine performance. On the grounds of the above considerations, a recent trend regarding wind turbine power curve analysis consists of the incorporation of the main working parameters (as, for example, the rotor speed or the blade pitch) as input variables of a multivariate regression whose target is the power. In this study, a method for multivariate wind turbine power curve analysis is proposed: it is based on sequential features selection, which employs Support Vector Regression with Gaussian Kernel. One of the most innovative aspects of this study is that the set of possible covariates includes also minimum, maximum and standard deviation of the most important environmental and operational variables. Three test cases of practical interest are contemplated: a Senvion MM92, a Vestas V90 and a Vestas V117 wind turbines owned by the ENGIE Italia company. It is shown that the selection of the covariates depends remarkably on the wind turbine model and this aspect should therefore be taken in consideration in order to customize the data-driven monitoring of the power curve. The obtained error metrics are competitive and in general lower with respect to the state of the art in the literature. Furthermore, minimum, maximum and standard deviation of the main environmental and operation variables are abundantly selected by the feature selection algorithm: this result indicates that the richness of the measurement channels contained in wind turbine Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) data sets should be exploited for monitoring the performance as reliably as possible