Proteins that contain a functional Z-DNA-binding domain localize to cytoplasmic stress granules

Long double-stranded RNA may undergo hyper-editing by adenosine deaminases that act on RNA (ADARs), where up to 50% of adenosine residues may be converted to inosine. However, although numerous RNAs may undergo hyper-editing, the role for inosine-containing hyper-edited double-stranded RNA in cells is poorly understood. Nevertheless, editing plays a critical role in mammalian cells, as highlighted by the analysis of ADAR-null mutants. In particular, the long form of ADAR1 (ADAR1(p150)) is essential for viability. Moreover, a number of studies have implicated ADAR1(p150) in various stress pathways. We have previously shown that ADAR1(p150) localized to cytoplasmic stress granules in HeLa cells following either oxidative or interferon-induced stress. Here, we show that the Z-DNA-binding domain (Zα(ADAR1)) exclusively found in ADAR1(p150) is required for its localization to stress granules. Moreover, we show that fusion of Zα(ADAR1) to either green fluorescent protein (GFP) or polypyrimidine binding protein 4 (PTB4) also results in their localization to stress granules. We additionally show that the Zα domain from other Z-DNA-binding proteins (ZBP1, E3L) is likewise sufficient for localization to stress granules. Finally, we show that Z-RNA or Z-DNA binding is important for stress granule localization. We have thus identified a novel role for Z-DNA-binding domains in mammalian cells

Temperature Controls Guest Uptake and Release from Zn4L4 Tetrahedra.

We report the preparation of triazatruxene-faced tetrahedral cage 1, which exhibits two diastereomeric configurations (T1 and T2) that differ in the handedness of the ligand faces relative to that of the octahedrally coordinated metal centers. At lower temperatures, T1 is favored, whereas T2 predominates at higher temperatures. Host-guest studies show that T1 binds small aliphatic guests, whereas T2 binds larger aromatic molecules, with these changes in binding preference resulting from differences in cavity size and degree of enclosure. Thus, by a change in temperature the cage system can be triggered to eject one bound guest and take up another.This work was supported by the European Research Council (695009) and the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC EP/M008258/1). The authors thank the Department of Chemistry NMR Facility at the University of Cambridge for performing some NMR experiments and the EPSRC UK National Mass Spectrometry Facility at Swansea University for carrying out high-resolution mass spectrometry. D.Z. acknowledges a Herchel Smith Research Fellowship from the University of Cambridge. J.D.T. acknowledges the Rashkind Family Endowment and the Chenery Endowment from Randolph-Macon College

Post-assembly Modification of Tetrazine-Edged Fe(II)4L6 Tetrahedra.

Post-assembly modification (PAM) is a powerful tool for the modular functionalization of self-assembled structures. We report a new family of tetrazine-edged Fe(II)4L6 tetrahedral cages, prepared using different aniline subcomponents, which undergo rapid and efficient PAM by inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reactions. Remarkably, the electron-donating or -withdrawing ability of the para-substituent on the aniline moiety influences the IEDDA reactivity of the tetrazine ring 11 bonds away. This effect manifests as a linear free energy relationship, quantified using the Hammett equation, between σ(para) and the rate of the IEDDA reaction. The rate of PAM can thus be adjusted by varying the aniline subcomponent.This work was supported by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). The au-thors thank Diamond Light Source (UK) for synchro-tron beamtime on I19 (MT8464), the Department of Chemistry NMR facility, University of Cambridge, and the EPSRC UK National Mass Spectrometry Facility at Swansea University. D.A.R. acknowledges the Gates Cambridge Trust for Ph.D. funding. B.S.P. acknowledges the Herchel Smith Research Fellowship from the University of Cambridge and the Fellowship from Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from the American Chemical Society via http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b0508

Sterics and Hydrogen Bonding Control Stereochemistry and Self-Sorting in BINOL-Based Assemblies

Here we demonstrate how the hydrogen-bonding ability of a BINOL-based dialdehyde subcomponent dictated the stereochemical outcome of its subsequent self-assembly into one diastereomeric helicate form when bearing free hydroxy groups, and another in the case of its methylated congener. The presence of methyl groups also altered the self-sorting behavior when mixed with another, short linear dialdehyde subcomponent, switching the outcome of the system from narcissistic to integrative self-sorting. In all cases, the axial chirality of the BINOL building block also dictated helicate metal center handedness during stereospecific self-assembly. A new family of stereochemically pure heteroleptic helicates were thus prepared using the new knowledge gained. We also found that switching from FeII to ZnII, or the incorporation of a longer linear ligand, favored heteroleptic structure formation

Bimetallic Pt(II)-bipyridyl-diacetylide/Ln(III) tris-diketonate adducts based on a combination of coordinate bonding and hydrogen bonding between the metal fragments: syntheses, structures and photophysical properties

The luminescent Pt(II) complex [Pt(4,4'-Bu-t(2)-bipy){CC-(5-pyrimidinyl)}(2)] (1) was prepared by coupling of [Pt(4,4'-Bu-t(2)-bipy)Cl-2] with 5-ethynyl-pyrimidine, and contains two pyrimidinyl units pendant from a Pt(H) bipyridyl diacetylide core; it shows luminescence at 520 nm which is typical of Pt(II) luminophores of this type. Reaction with [Ln(hfac)(3)(H2O)(2)] (hfac = anion of hexafluoroacetylacetone) affords as crystalline solids the compounds [1 center dot {Ln(hfac)(3)(H2O)}{Ln(hfac)(3)(H2O)(2)}] (Ln = Nd, Gd, Er, Yb), in which the {Ln(hfac)(3)(H2O)} unit is coordinated to one pyrimidine ring via an N atom, whereas the {Ln(hfac)(3)(H2O)(2)} unit is associated with two N atoms, one from each pyrimidine ring of 1, via N center dot center dot center dot HOH hydrogen-bonding interactions involving the coordinated water ligands on the lanthanide centre. Solution spectroscopic studies show that the luminescence of 1 is partly quenched on addition of [Ln(hfac)(3)(H2O)(2)] (Ln = Er, Nd) by formation of Pt(II)/Ln(III) adducts in which Pt(II)-> Ln(III) photoinduced energy-transfer occurs to the low-lying f-f levels of the Ln(Ill) centre. Significant quenching occurs with both Er(Ill) and Nd(III) because both have several f-f states which match well the (MLCT)-M-3 emission energy of 1. Time-resolved luminescence studies show that Pt(II)-Er(III) energy-transfer (7.0 x 10(7) M-1) is around three times faster than Pt(II)-> Nd(III) energy-transfer (approximate to 2 x 10(7) M-1) over the same distance because the luminescence spectrum of l overlaps better with the absorption spectrum of Er(111) than with Nd(III). In contrast Yb(111) causes no significant quenching of 1 because it has only a single f-f excited level which is a poor energy match for the Pt(II)-based excited state

Signal transduction in a covalent post-assembly modification cascade

Natural reaction cascades control the movement of biomolecules between cellular compartments. Inspired by these systems, we report a synthetic reaction cascade employing post-assembly modification reactions to direct the partitioning of supramolecular complexes between phases. The system is composed of a self-assembled tetrazine-edged FeII8L12 cube and a maleimide-functionalized FeII4L6 tetrahedron. Norbornadiene (NBD) functions as the stimulus that triggers the cascade, beginning with the inverse-electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction of NBD with the tetrazine moieties of the cube. This reaction generates cyclopentadiene as a transient by-product, acting as a relay signal that subsequently undergoes a Diels–Alder reaction with the maleimide-functionalized tetrahedron. Cyclooctyne can selectively inhibit the cascade by outcompeting NBD as the initial trigger. Initiating the cascade with 2-octadecyl NBD leads to selective alkylation of the tetrahedron upon cascade completion. The increased lipophilicity of the C18-tagged tetrahedron drives this complex into a non-polar phase, allowing its isolation from the initially inseparable mixture of complexes.B.S.P. acknowledges the Herchel Smith Research Fellowship, the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 Research Fellowship and the Fellowship from Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. D.A.R. acknowledges support from the Gates Cambridge Trust. This work was also supported by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC, EP/M008258/1). The authors thank Diamond Light Source (UK) for synchrotron beamtime on I19 (MT11397), the NMR facility at the University of Cambridge Chemistry Department, and the EPSRC UK National Mass Spectrometry Facility at Swansea University

Selective Anion Extraction and Recovery Using a FeII4L4 Cage

Selective anion extraction is useful for the recovery and purification of valuable chemicals, and in the removal of pollutants from the environment. Here we report that FeII4L4 cage 1 is able to extract an equimolar amount of ReO4−, a high-value anion and a nonradioactive surrogate of TcO4−, from water to nitromethane. Importantly, the extraction was efficiently performed even in the presence of 10 other common anions in water, highlighting the high selectivity of 1 for ReO4−. The extracted guest could be released into water as the cage disassembled in ethyl acetate, and then 1 could be recycled by switching the solvent to acetonitrile. The versatile solubility of the cage also enabled complete extraction of ReO4− (as the tetrabutylammonium salt) from an organic phase into water by using the sulfate salt of 1 as the extractant.This work was supported by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC EP/M008258/1). The authors thank the Department of Chemistry NMR facility, University of Cambridge for performing some NMR experiments, and the EPSRC UK National Mass Spectrometry Facility at Swansea University for carrying out high resolution mass spectrometry. D. Z. acknowledges the Herchel Smith Research Fellowship from the University of Cambridge

Anion Binding in Water Drives Structural Adaptation in an Azaphosphatrane-Functionalized Fe(II)4L4 Tetrahedron

Anion-templated aqueous self-assembly resulted in the formation of an endohedrally functionalized Fe$^\text{II}$$_{4}$L$_4$ tetrahedron from azaphosphatrane-based subcomponents. This new water-soluble cage is flexible and able to encapsulate anions with volumes ranging from 35 to 219 Å$^3$ via hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. It structurally adapts in response to the size and shape of the template anions, dynamically adopting a conformation either where all four azaphosphatrane $^{+}$P-H vectors point inward, or else where one points outward and the other three inward. The two cage isomers can coexist in solution and interconvert. A shape memory phenomenon was observed during guest displacement because guest exchange occurs more rapidly than structural reconfiguration.This work was supported by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC EP/M008258/1). The authors thank the Department of Chemistry NMR facility, University of Cambridge for performing some NMR experiments, and the EPSRC UK National Mass Spectrometry Facility at Swansea University for carrying out high-resolution mass spectrometry. D.Z. acknowledges a grant from the China Scholarship Council, Accueil Doc Bursary from France RhôneAlpes Region, and Enveloppe AttractivitéFellowship from ENSLyon for Ph.D. studies

Coordination Cages Selectively Transport Molecular Cargoes Across Liquid Membranes.

Chemical purifications are critical processes across many industries, requiring 10-15% of humanity's global energy budget. Coordination cages are able to catch and release guest molecules based upon their size and shape, providing a new technological basis for achieving chemical separation. Here, we show that aqueous solutions of FeII4L6 and CoII4L4 cages can be used as liquid membranes. Selective transport of complex hydrocarbons across these membranes enabled the separation of target compounds from mixtures under ambient conditions. The kinetics of cage-mediated cargo transport are governed by guest binding affinity. Using sequential transport across two consecutive membranes, target compounds were isolated from a mixture in a size-selective fashion. The selectivities of both cages thus enabled a two-stage separation process to isolate a single compound from a mixture of physicochemically similar molecules

DUF2285 is a novel helix-turn-helix domain variant that orchestrates both activation and antiactivation of conjugative element transfer in proteobacteria.

Horizontal gene transfer is tightly regulated in bacteria. Often only a fraction of cells become donors even when regulation of horizontal transfer is coordinated at the cell population level by quorum sensing. Here, we reveal the widespread 'domain of unknown function' DUF2285 represents an 'extended-turn' variant of the helix-turn-helix domain that participates in both transcriptional activation and antiactivation to initiate or inhibit horizontal gene transfer. Transfer of the integrative and conjugative element ICEMlSymR7A is controlled by the DUF2285-containing transcriptional activator FseA. One side of the DUF2285 domain of FseA has a positively charged surface which is required for DNA binding, while the opposite side makes critical interdomain contacts with the N-terminal FseA DUF6499 domain. The QseM protein is an antiactivator of FseA and is composed of a DUF2285 domain with a negative surface charge. While QseM lacks the DUF6499 domain, it can bind the FseA DUF6499 domain and prevent transcriptional activation by FseA. DUF2285-domain proteins are encoded on mobile elements throughout the proteobacteria, suggesting regulation of gene transfer by DUF2285 domains is a widespread phenomenon. These findings provide a striking example of how antagonistic domain paralogues have evolved to provide robust molecular control over the initiation of horizontal gene transfer