1,482 research outputs found
Novel designs for Penning ion traps
We present a number of alternative designs for Penning ion traps suitable for
quantum information processing (QIP) applications with atomic ions. The first
trap design is a simple array of long straight wires which allows easy optical
access. A prototype of this trap has been built to trap Ca+ and a simple
electronic detection scheme has been employed to demonstrate the operation of
the trap. Another trap design consists of a conducting plate with a hole in it
situated above a continuous conducting plane. The final trap design is based on
an array of pad electrodes. Although this trap design lacks the open geometry
of the traps described above, the pad design may prove useful in a hybrid
scheme in which information processing and qubit storage take place in
different types of trap. The behaviour of the pad traps is simulated
numerically and techniques for moving ions rapidly between traps are discussed.
Future experiments with these various designs are discussed. All of the designs
lend themselves to the construction of multiple trap arrays, as required for
scalable ion trap QIP.Comment: 11 pages, 10 figure
Discovery of Very High Energy gamma - ray emission from the extreme BL Lac object H2356-309 with H.E.S.S
The understanding of acceleration mechanisms in active galactic nuclei (AGN)
jets and the measurement of the extragalactic-background-light (EBL) density
are closely linked and require the detection of a large sample of
very-high-energy (VHE) emitting extragalactic objects at varying redshifts. We
report here on the discovery with the H.E.S.S. (High Energy Stereoscopic
System) atmospheric-Cherenkov telescopes of the VHE Gamma-ray emission from
H2356 - 309, an extreme BL Lac object located at a redshift of 0.165. The
observations of this object, which was previously proposed as a
southern-hemisphere VHE candidate source, were performed between June and
December 2004. The total exposure is 38.9 hours live time, after data quality
selection, which yields the detection of a signal at the level of 9.0
(standard deviations) .Comment: To appear on proceeding of 29th International Cosmic Ray Conference
(ICRC 2005
Carbon and nitrogen mineralization of organic wastes from sugarcane distilleries: vinasse and yeast waste
RAMIRAN International ConferenceIn Madeira Island (Portugal) significant amounts of wastes are generated in sugarcane distilleries, namely vinasse
(the remaining fermented must after distillation) and yeast waste (the yeast surplus produced during the alcoholic
fermentation). These wastes have high organic loads and low pH, leading to serious environmental problems when
released directly into natural watercourses or when poorly managed (Hati et al., 2007).
As a solution to avoid expensive treatments, both wastes have been used as soil amendment, since they
contain important amounts of plant nutrients and organic matter (Resende et al., 2006; Parnaudeau et al., 2008).
Indeed, application to soils of vinasse is a common practice in sugarcane cultivated areas and can fully substitute K
and partially P on crops fertilization. Nevertheless, additional mineral nitrogen fertilization is needed when vinasse
is spread in the soils (Junior et al., 2007; Oliveira et al., 2009). On the other hand, yeast waste has been considered
as an excellent potential source of nitrogen for plant nutrition when applied to soils (Rezende et al., 2004). Thus,
combined application of both wastes should ensure a more balanced supply of nutrients to plants. However, scarce
information is available on the combine use of both wastes as fertilizer.
The main objective of this study is to assess the effect of the combined application to soil of both organic
materials (vinasse and yeast waste), and to evaluate its subsequent effects on nitrogen mineralization/immobilization
process to supply nitrogen to crops and to preserve/restore soil carbon
Modulation and Signal Processing for LEO-LEO Optical Inter-satellite Links
We investigate key aspects of coherent optical communications on
inter-satellite links (ISLs) for the next-generation ultra-dense low-Earth
orbit (LEO) constellations. Initially, the suitability of QPSK, 8-QAM, and
16-QAM modulation formats with different symbol rates (28 GBaud, 60 GBaud, and
120 GBaud) and channel coding schemes (oFEC and staircase codes) for intra- and
interorbital connections is evaluated. We provide SNR margins for all
investigated sets and determine unfeasible operating points. We show that sets
with higher-order modulation formats combined with high symbol rates can prove
unfeasible, even for first-neighbor connections. Furthermore, the presence or
absence of optical pre-amplification as well as the choice for a more robust
channel coding technique, such as the oFEC, can be decisive in certain LEO-LEO
links. Next, we characterize the Doppler shift (DS) and its time derivative for
first-neighbor interorbital connections in two different topologies and for
general connections established between any pairs of satellites. Our results
reveal that while the maximum Doppler-generated frequency shift amplitude can
be considerably higher than those typically found in fiber-optic
communications, the time derivative values are significantly lower. Finally, we
address all-digital DS compensation in extreme cases of frequency offset
amplitude and derivative where the typical Mth-power algorithm is not
sufficient. To this end, we propose a filtered version of an existing two-stage
method combining spectral shifts with the Mth-power method. The simulation
results indicate that this approach provides an appropriate solution for all
examined cases.Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures, 6 table
Use of explicit replies as coordination mechanisms in online student debate
People in conversation entrain their linguistic behaviours through
spontaneous alignment mechanisms [7] - both in face-to-face and
computer-mediated communication (CMC) [8]. In CMC, one of the mechanisms
through which linguistic entrainment happens is through explicit replies.
Indeed, the use of explicit replies influences the structure of conversations,
favouring the formation of reply-trees typically delineated by topic shifts
[5]. The interpersonal coordination mechanisms realized by how actors address
each other have been studied using a probabilistic framework proposed by David
Gibson [2,3]. Other recent approaches use computational methods and information
theory to quantify changes in text. We explore coordination mechanisms
concerned with some of the roles utterances play in dialogues - specifically in
explicit replies. We identify these roles by finding community structure in the
conversation's vocabulary using a non-parametric, hierarchical topic model.
Some conversations may always stay on the ground, remaining at the level of
general introductory chatter. Some others may develop a specific sub-topic in
significant depth and detail. Even others may jump between general chatter,
out-of-topic remarks and people agreeing or disagreeing without further
elaboration
A Spectacular VHE Gamma-Ray Outburst from PKS 2155-304 in 2006
Since 2002 the VHE (>100 GeV) gamma-ray flux of the high-frequency peaked BL
Lac PKS 2155-304 has been monitored with the High Energy Stereoscopic System
(HESS). An extreme gamma-ray outburst was detected in the early hours of July
28, 2006 (MJD 53944). The average flux above 200 GeV observed during this
outburst is ~7 times the flux observed from the Crab Nebula above the same
threshold. Peak fluxes are measured with one-minute time scale resolution at
more than twice this average value. Variability is seen up to ~600 s in the
Fourier power spectrum, and well-resolved bursts varying on time scales of ~200
seconds are observed. There are no strong indications for spectral variability
within the data. Assuming the emission region has a size comparable to the
Schwarzschild radius of a ~10^9 solar mass black hole, Doppler factors greater
than 100 are required to accommodate the observed variability time scales.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures; To appear in the Proceedings of the 30th ICRC
(Merida, Mexico
It's Harder to Splash on Soft Solids
Droplets splash when they impact dry, flat substrates above a critical
velocity that depends on parameters such as droplet size, viscosity and air
pressure. By imaging ethanol drops impacting silicone gels of different
stiffnesses we show that substrate stiffness also affects the splashing
threshold. Splashing is reduced or even eliminated: droplets on the softest
substrates need over 70\% more kinetic energy to splash than they do on rigid
substrates. We show that this is due to energy losses caused by deformations of
soft substrates during the first few microseconds of impact. We find that
solids with Young's moduli kPa reduce splashing, in agreement
with simple scaling arguments. Thus materials like soft gels and elastomers can
be used as simple coatings for effective splash prevention. Soft substrates
also serve as a useful system for testing splash-formation theories and
sheet-ejection mechanisms, as they allow the characteristics of ejection sheets
to be controlled independently of the bulk impact dynamics of droplets.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
Attempts to identify Cassava Brown Streak Virus in western Democratic Republic of Congo
Open Access ArticleRoot necrosis similar to those of the cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) were observed on cassava in western provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DR.Congo) in the early 2000’s. However molecular laboratory diagnosis were not able to detect any causative agent responsible for the attacks, hence, the disease related to these symptoms was named CBSD-like disease.
In order to assess the distribution and the incidence of the CBSD-like disease, surveys were carried out in four western provinces, comprising, Kwango and Kwilu, Sud Ubangi, Kinshasa and Kongo Central. CBSD-like disease was observed in all surveyed provinces on the basis of root symptoms because foliar symptoms were different to those of the documented cases of CBSD in other parts of east Africa. CBSD-like disease incidence was high in Kongo Central and Sud Ubangi, exceeding an average of 50 %, but low in Kwango and Kwilu (32.8%) and in Kinshasa (19.1%).
During the surveys, cassava leaf samples were collected for lab identification of the causal agent. PCR diagnosis was done on these samples using primers specific for the two known CBSVs. All samples tested negative with no amplification of DNA fragments of the correct size. Thus, further analysis on the causative organism is needed using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) approaches. NGS approaches will help also to identify the causative organism in other Central Africa countries (Angola, Congo-Brazzaville and Gabon) where such cassava root necrosis have been reported or are suspected
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