CONVERGENCE, HARMONIZATION, AND COMPATIBILITY UNDER NAFTA: A 2003 STATUS REPORT

In the 2001 Workshop the authors developed and applied a taxonomy and framework for assessing the status of agricultural and food policies in each of the NAFTA countries (Knutson, Loyns and Ochoa, 2002). It divided the policies into the following areas: -Facilitate growth and progress. Regulation. Market intervention. For each area the paper identified the major points of conflict that existed in 2001 at the time the paper was written and the requirements for harmonization. The major areas of conflict included; -Facilitate growth and progress: particularly grades and standards in grains (US-CA) and beef (US-CA); trade policy in dairy (US-CA), sugar (US-MX), poultry (US-MX), and wheat (US-CA); infrastructure policies (border conflicts US-MX). Regulation: particularly plant and animal protection (US-MX), food safety (US-MX), pesticides (US-CA-MX). Market interventions: particularly disaster assistance (US-CA-MX), price supports and safety nets (US-CA-MX), and supply management and state trading. The purpose of this paper is to update that paper and to draw conclusions as to whether progress has been made since 2001 has been positive, negative, or neutral in each of these areas of conflict for policy/program convergence, harmonization, and compatibility. The 2001 policies, therefore, can be looked upon as a policy baseline point of reference for comparison in 2003. Many of the policy changes were embodied in the precipitated by the US 2002 farm bill. However, care was taken to review each of the policy/program areas covered in the 2001 taxonomy to identify changes in the level of conflict.International Relations/Trade,

MasterChem: Cooking 2D-polymers

2D-polymers are still dominated by graphene and closely related materials such as boron nitride, transition metal sulphides and oxides. However, the rational combination of molecules with suitable design is already showing the high potential of chemistry in this new research field. The aim of this feature article is to illustrate, and provide some perspectives, the current state-of-the-art in the field of synthetic 2D-polymers showing different alternatives to prepare this novel type of polymers based on the rational use of chemistry. This review comprises a brief revision of the essential concepts, the strategies of preparation following the two general approaches, bottom-up and top-down, and a revision of the promising seminal properties showed by some of these nanomaterials.Financial support from Spanish MINECO (MAT2013-46753-C2-1-P and MAT2013-46502-C2-2-P). D. R. thanks the Spanish MECD for a FPU gran

The light CP-even MSSM Higgs mass resummed to fourth logarithmic order

We present the calculation of the light neutral CP-even Higgs mass in the MSSM for a heavy SUSY spectrum by resumming enhanced terms through fourth logarithmic order (N$^3$LL), keeping terms of leading order in the top Yukawa coupling $\alpha_t$, and NNLO in the strong coupling $\alpha_s$. To this goal, the three-loop matching coefficient for the quartic Higgs coupling of the SM to the MSSM is derived to order $\alpha_t^2\alpha_s^2$ by comparing the perturbative EFT to the fixed-order expression for the Higgs mass. The new matching coefficient is made available through an updated version of the program Himalaya. Numerical effects of the higher-order resummation are studied using specific examples, and sources of theoretical uncertainty on this result are discussed.Comment: 26 pages, 3 figures, matches version published in EPJ

Generation of Circular Polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background

The standard cosmological model, which includes only Compton scattering photon interactions at energy scales near recombination, results in zero primordial circular polarization of the cosmic microwave background. In this paper we consider a particular renormalizable and gauge-invariant standard model extension coupling photons to an external vector field via a Chern-Simons term, which arises as a radiative correction if gravitational torsion couples to fermions. We compute the transport equations for polarized photons from a Boltzmann-like equation, showing that such a coupling will source circular polarization of the microwave background. For the particular coupling considered here, the circular polarization effect is always negligible compared to the rotation of the linear polarization orientation, also derived using the same formalism. We note the possibility that limits on microwave background circular polarization may probe other photon interactions and related fundamental effects such as violations of Lorentz invariance.Comment: 20 pages. Revised version includes an explicit calculation of gauge invariance. Text reorganized to improve clarity, and references adde

Modelación matemática del consumo de presas y el flujo de energía asociado a la reproducción de Rostrhamus sociabilis (Aves, Falconiformes)

El gavilán caracolero (Rostrhamus sociabilis) es un ave rapaz, residente permanente y común en Cuba, clasificada como de alto interés conservacionista en el Plan de Conservación de las Aves Acuáticas de Norteamérica, en parte debido a su dieta altamente especializada en caracoles acuáticos del género Pomacea. En el presente estudio se elabora un modelo matemático en el programa Stella para analizar el consumo y la movilización de energía durante la reproducción del gavilán caracolero, y se aplica con parámetros determinados en una colonia de nidificación del Gran Humedal del Norte de Ciego de Ávila, en Cuba. La estructura básica del modelo incluye variables morfométricas de los adultos, los huevos y los pichones; elementos conductuales; parámetros tróficos y otros parámetros reproductivos, algunos de los cuales se midieron en la colonia estudiada; el resto se tomaron de fuentes bibliográficas. El modelo tuvo como variables principales de salida el consumo energético por individuo, el consumo diario y total por estación y el número de presas a que esta equivale. Para probar el modelo, se simuló el comportamiento de una colonia de 100 nidos con una producción media de 158 ± 7,1 huevos y entre 106 y 125 pichones. El consumo energético diario por adulto se estimó entre 110,32 y 118,47 kcal, que puede obtenerse con la ingesta de alrededor de 28 caracoles diarios. Se calcula que para mantener una colonia de este tamaño, se requiere una energía total de 1.893.103 kcal, que se extrae de 5.933 ± 59 kg de biomasa de caracoles, lo que equivale a entre 419 y 552 mil pomáceas consumidas en tres meses y medio. El análisis de sensibilidad muestra que las variables cuyos cambios influyen más en el consumo de energía de las colonias son las relacionadas con el éxito reproductivo, el tamaño de los adultos y los vuelos de alimentación. El modelo resultante de este trabajo permite simular y evaluar el efecto que las alteraciones futuras del hábitat pueden tener en la cría de esta especie.El gavilán caracolero (Rostrhamus sociabilis) es un ave rapaz, residente permanente y común en Cuba, clasificada como de alto interés conservacionista en el Plan de Conservación de las Aves Acuáticas de Norteamérica, en parte debido a su dieta altamente especializada en caracoles acuáticos del género Pomacea. En el presente estudio se elabora un modelo matemático en el programa Stella para analizar el consumo y la movilización de energía durante la reproducción del gavilán caracolero, y se aplica con parámetros determinados en una colonia de nidificación del Gran Humedal del Norte de Ciego de Ávila, en Cuba. La estructura básica del modelo incluye variables morfométricas de los adultos, los huevos y los pichones; elementos conductuales; parámetros tróficos y otros parámetros reproductivos, algunos de los cuales se midieron en la colonia estudiada; el resto se tomaron de fuentes bibliográficas. El modelo tuvo como variables principales de salida el consumo energético por individuo, el consumo diario y total por estación y el número de presas a que esta equivale. Para probar el modelo, se simuló el comportamiento de una colonia de 100 nidos con una producción media de 158 ± 7,1 huevos y entre 106 y 125 pichones. El consumo energético diario por adulto se estimó entre 110,32 y 118,47 kcal, que puede obtenerse con la ingesta de alrededor de 28 caracoles diarios. Se calcula que para mantener una colonia de este tamaño, se requiere una energía total de 1.893.103 kcal, que se extrae de 5.933 ± 59 kg de biomasa de caracoles, lo que equivale a entre 419 y 552 mil pomáceas consumidas en tres meses y medio. El análisis de sensibilidad muestra que las variables cuyos cambios influyen más en el consumo de energía de las colonias son las relacionadas con el éxito reproductivo, el tamaño de los adultos y los vuelos de alimentación. El modelo resultante de este trabajo permite simular y evaluar el efecto que las alteraciones futuras del hábitat pueden tener en la cría de esta especie.Mathematical model of prey consumption and energy flow associated with breeding in Rostrhamus sociabilis (Aves, Falconiformes) The snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis) is a bird of prey that has permanent populations and is fairly common in Cuba. It is classified as High Concern in the North American Water Bird Conservation Plan, partially due to a highly specialized diet, preying only on water snail of the genus i>Pomacea. In the current paper we developed a mathematical model in Stella software to analyze consumption and mobilization of energy during reproduction of this species. The model was calibrated with reproductive parameters determined in a nesting colony of the Great Wetland of North Ciego de Ávila, Cuba. Variables included in the basic model were adults, eggs and nestling morphometry, behavioral aspects, trophic elements and other reproductive parameters; some were measured in the field and the rest were taken from literature sources. The main outcomes of the model were: energy consumption per individual, daily and total season consumption, and the number of prey it represented. To test the model we simulated the behaviour of a 100–nest colony that resulted in the production of an average of 158 ± 7.1 eggs and between 106 and 125 nestlings. Daily adult energy consumption was estimated between 110.32 and 118.47 kcal, which can be achieved by consuming around 28 snails each day. A colony of this size has an estimated requirement of 1,893,103 kcal of total energy per season, driven by 5,933 ± 59 kg of snail biomass, equivalent to between 419 and 552 thousand snails in three and half months. Sensitivity analysis of the model showed that the variables that most influenced energy consumption were those related to reproductive success, adult body size and flying behavior. The resulting model will allow to simulate and assess the potential impact of future habitat modifications on the species breeding

Z' boson detection in the Minimal Quiver Standard Model

We undertake a phenomenological study of the extra neutral Z' boson in the Minimal Quiver Standard Model and discuss limits on the model's parameters from previous precision electroweak experiments, as well as detection prospects at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. We find that masses lower than around 700 GeV are excluded by the $Z$-pole data from the CERN-LEP collider, and below 620 GeV by experimental data from di-electron events at the Fermilab-Tevatron collider. We also find that at a mass of 1 TeV the LHC cross section would show a small peak in the di-lepton and top pair channel.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures. v2: substantial revisions and improvements, final version accepted for publicatio

Combined photo- and electroreflectance of multijunction solar cells enabled by subcell electric coupling

Electric coupling between subcells of a monolithically grown multijunction solar cell in short circuit allows their simultaneous and independent characterization by means of photo- and electroreflectance. The photovoltage generated by selective absorption of the pump beam in a given subcell during photoreflectance measurements results in reverse biasing the complementary subunits at the modulation frequency set on the pump illumination. Such voltage bias modulation acts then as external perturbation on the complementary subcells. The spectral separation of the different subcell absorption ranges permits the probe beam to record in a single spectrum the response of the complete device as a combination of photo- and electroreflectance, thereby providing access for diagnosis of subcells on an individual basis. This form of modulation spectroscopy is demonstrated on a GaInP/GaAs tandem solar cell.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures. This article has been accepted by Appl. Phys. Lett. After it is published, it will be found at https://doi.org/10.1063/1.506260