The study of pregnant women with diabetes and screening for mutations related to panel of ten MODY (maturity onset diabetes of the young) genes and polymorphisms in TCF7L2

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is believed to result when a genetic predisposition is perpetuated by an increase in insulin resistance during pregnancy. However, in the subjects with GDM in our population, little is known about the genetic basis of MODY and its potential clinical significance. Due to an overlap of clinical features with the more common polygenic type 2 diabetes (T2D) and type 1 diabetes (T1D), the differentiation of patients with maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a diagnostic challenge. Therefore, we aimed to screen pregnant women with diabetes for a comprehensive panel of ten MODY genes utilizing next generation sequencing (NGS). Further, among the T2D diabetogenic genes, the common variants of TCF7L2 have been shown to be associated with T2D in Asian-Indian population. Our aim was also to investigate whether these TCF7L2 variants associated with T2D would also confer risk for gestational diabetes mellitus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We included 50 south Indian women with diabetes complicating their pregnancy to screen for mutations in a comprehensive panel of ten MODY genes [HNF1A, HNF4A, GCK, PDX1, HNF1B, NEUROD1, KLF11, CEL, PAX4 and INS]. A novel multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based target enrichment followed by NGS on the Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine (PGM). The detected rare variants which were of pathogenic significance were confirmed by Sanger sequencing and genotype phenotype correlation was done. Further, in 166 unrelated women (117 women with gestational diabetes mellitus, 49 ethnically matched non-diabetic control subjects) DNA extraction was done using the Gentrapuregene blood method. The primers were validated by Sanger sequencing (3130 genetic analyzer) and genotyped 3 TCF7L2 polymorphisms (rs7903146, rs12255372 and rs4506565) using TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. The data was analysed using SPSS version 16.0. RESULTS: Mutations were identified in 16% (8/50) of the subjects screened. There were two mutations in NEUROD1, two in PDX1, one each in HNF1A, GCK, CEL and INS genes. Seven of these mutations were novel. We further proceeded to identify and confirm the presence of these mutations in the relatives of some of these patients and also the neonates. We have found that the odds ratio (OR) of TCF7L2 polymorphisms rs4506565, rs7903146, rs12255372 for the occurrence of gestational diabetes when compared with controls were 3.75(C.I=0.75-18.53,p=0.08), 1.77 (C.I=0.503-6.263,p=0.37) and 1.40 (C.I=0.24-8.11, P=0.70) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnant women of Asian Indian origin harbor a higher frequency of NEUROD1 and PDX1 mutations, a pattern that differs from the western literature. The NGS platform provides an accurate, rapid and cost effective method for parallelized genetic testing for MODY and hence overcomes the inherent limitation of scalability and cost of Sanger sequencing. The TCF7L2 polymorphism rs4506565 has showed a strong trend towards association with the occurrence of gestational diabetes, when compared to the other two common polymorphisms in TCF7L2 (rs7903146, rs12255372). This is the first preliminary data of TCF7L2 polymorphism associations with gestational diabetes in a south Indian population

Interactive flight control system analysis program

A summary of the development, use, and documentation of the interactive software (DIGIKON IV) for flight control system analyses is presented. A list of recommendations for future development is also included

Mossbauer Study of Acetate & Chloride- Acetate of Fe(III)

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Study of arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using single bundle hamstring auto-graft by trans-portal technique

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear is a serious injury that results in immediate knee instability, lengthy rehabilitation and increased risk of early onset knee osteoarthritis. The goal of anatomic reconstruction is to place the ACL graft at a more anatomic location on both tibia and femur. The purposes of the study were to evaluate the outcome of trans-portal arthroscopic ACL reconstruction clinically and radiologically and to compare the results with reported studies.Methods: 52 patients with complete tear of the ACL were treated with arthroscopic ACL reconstruction. The patients were regularly followed up at 4, 8, 12 and 24 weeks whereby laxity, pain and range of motion were assessed.Results: There were 43 male and 9 females with the mean age being 30.38 years. Left sided injury was more common seen in 31 patients (59.62%) where domestic twist injury caused most of the ACL tears. Only 4 cases (7.69%) had isolated ACL tears and lateral meniscus was the most common associated injury found in 25 patients (48.07%) Average operative time was 113 minutes. Pain was the most common post-op complication seen in 16 patients (30.76%) while laxity was noted in 4 patients. Average flexion of 111.44 degrees was reached at 6 months. 37 cases (71.15%) had excellent post-op outcome at 6 months as per the modified cincinnati rating system.Conclusions: ACL reconstruction using the arthroscopic trans-portal technique provides good post-op knee stability and satisfactory range of motion

Relook at Foundation Design of RE Structures in Indian Environment Based on Case Study

India has massive infrastructure development plan in next decade. The safety, cost optimization saving construction time is challenges to engineers. The mass communication progress of 11th & 12th five year plans involves design and execution of large number of underpasses/flyovers through out country. The problems faced by adoption of foundation practice in India based on interpretation of BS 8006 / 1995 during execution are analyzed. Though not widely publicized, failures of walls or part of facial block wall are reported. To avoid contract schedules quick remedial measures are adopted, which based on consultants and facilities includes stone columns, lime piles, CC slab cover over foundation trench etc. A relook at entire problem for RE walls or steep slope foundation is reported. The site specific parameters namely construction season, rains during execution, desiccated expansive soils, settlement of parent subsoil for long life, environment – flood ponding are ignored. A sand-gravel 1.5 m pad foundation cannot take above factors in to account. The soil below the pad is rarely evaluated for differential settlement. Cyclically flooded poorly drained geographical areas particularly for long life structures, needs to be looked into. For Indian fast developing zones a common approach is evolved. This includes specific shallow depth exploration of RE wall foundations, environmental data collection of drainage, flooding and settlement analysis. Depth of trench is site specific depending on desiccated depth and permissible settlement. A model profile of subsoil, replaced relatively impervious fill in trench with or without Geofabrics is presented. The relook of site specific factors and control of settlement in present practice is justified by case studies presented

Probability distribution of the seismic damage cost over the life cycle of structures

In the life-cycle analysis, the total cost of damage caused by earthquakes is a significant but highly uncertain component. In the current literature, the seismic risk analysis is largely limited to the evaluation of the average cost of damage, which is not informative about the full extent of variability in the cost. The paper presents a systematic development of the stochastic modeling of seismic risk analysis problem and reformulates the damage cost analysis as a superposition of compound Poisson processes. An explicit analytical solution for the distribution of damage cost is derived in form of a recursive equation. The proposed approach extends the capability of the existing framework of seismic risk analysis, which can be used to optimize initial design and retrofitting of structures.Natural Science and Engineering Research CouncilUniversity Network of Excellence in Nuclear Engineerin

Immunomodulatory activity of Bauhinia Racemosa Lam.

Objetivo: Evaluar la actividad del extracto metanólico de la corteza del tallo de la Bauhinia Racemosa Lam en ratones albinos suizos.Material y métodos: La inmunidad humoral específica fue evaluada mediante el ensayo de hemaglutinación de antincuerpos ( H.A. Titer) y la inmunidad no específica fue evaluada mediante el test de aclaramiento de carbono y el test de adhesión de neutrofilos.Resultados: se encontró que el extracto del tallo de Bauhinia racemosa (MEBR) era efectivo para el incremento del H.A Titer. La respuesta primaria y secundaria no mostró un ascenso significativo en el H.A Titer en el grupo con estado inmune normal al compararlo con el grupo control. Sin embargo, en el grupo de inmunodeprimidos donde la inmunidad estaba suprimida mediante ciclofosfamida se observó un aumento significativo en el H.A Titer (p<0.01) a dosis de 200mg/kg cuando se comparaba con la ciclofosfamida. El extracto del tallo de Bauhinia racemosa mostró un aumento significativo (p<0,05) en la actividad fagocítica a dosis de 200mg/kg (p.o) en el test de aclaramiento de carbón. En el test de adhesión de neutrófilos el extracto del tallo de Bauhinia racemosa mostró un aumento significativo (p<0,01) del porcentaje de adhesión de neutrófilos a dosis de 200mg/kg (p.o)Conclusión: El presente estudio sostiene al MEBR como un prometedor agente inmunomodulador.Aim: To evaluate immunomodulatory activity of methanolic extract of stem bark of Bauhinia racemosa Lam swiss albino mice.Material and Methods: The specific humoral immunity was assessed by performing hemagglutinating antibody titer (H.A.Titer) and the non-specific immunity was assessed by performing carbon clearance test and neutrophil adhesion test.Results: The methanolic extract of stem bark of Bauhinia Racemosa (MEBR) was found effective in increasing the H.A.Titer. Primary and secondary antibody response showed no significant rise in H.A.Titer in normal immune status group when compared with control group, whereas in immunosupressed group, where immunity was suppressed by cyclophosphamide, significant rise in H.A.Titer (p<0.01) was observed at dose of 200 mg/kg (p.o.) when compared with cyclophosphamide. MEBR showed significant increase (p<0.05) in phagocytic activity at dose of 200 mg/kg (p.o.) in carbon clearance test. In neutrophil adhesion test MEBR showed significant (p<0.01) rise in percentage neutrophil adhesion at dose of 200 mg/kg (p.o.).Conclusion: Present study, therefore, reveals that MEBR) holds promise as immunomodulatory agent

Traffic Signboard Recognition and Text Translation System using Word Spotting and Machine Learning

This project will help the non-native people of Karnataka to easily understand the kannada boards and travel easily. The main task of this work is to recognize the kannada traffic text boards and translate that to English language. Histogram equalization is used to find the gap between the characters. K-means clustering is used to divide the characters into different clusters then the segmented characters are passed to the pretrained model to recognize what the characters means. The model used for recognizing the traffic text is convolutional neural networks. The methodologies used here is the image augmentation, converting RGB image to grey scale and normalizing the image to reduce the noise. The validation accuracy obtained while training the model with coloured images, normalized image, grey scale image and normalized grey scale image is respectively 98.88%, 98.85%, 98.8% and 99.39% and while testing this model with kannada language, the testing accuracy obtained respectively with coloured images, normalized image, grey scale and normalized grey scale image is 95.91%, 96.58%, 95.42% and 96.98 % . In this work, word spotting method is employed for kannada language recognition. The performance of this system is faster since machine learning algorithms are used here