The most privileged legal regime in economy of Ukraine

Розглядаються підходи правового режиму найбільшого сприяння в економіці України. Серед таких, по перше, режим найбільшого сприяння в односторонньому порядку законодавчим органом країни по відношенню до визначених суб’єктів або територій. По-друге, застосування норм матеріального та процесуального права в окремих галузях економіки за умови чіткої стратегії перспективного розвитку держави та визначення місця країни в системі глобального розподілу праці. По-третє, застосування режиму найбільшого сприяння до окремо визначених груп суб’єктів господарювання або до відповідних територій в частині розміщення на них виробничих процесів. По-четверте, реалізація вимог до змісту режиму найбільшого сприяння: забезпечення спеціального статусу окремих суб’єктів; забезпечення процесуальних можливостей захисту суб’єкту господарювання від держави та відповідальності держави у разі порушення заздалегідь встановлених прав суб’єкта господарювання; визначення суті та обов’язкових умов існування режиму найбільшого сприяння в економіці, забезпечення однакового розуміння цих норм та їх однакового застосування; визначення юридичної відповідальності за ефективне виконання встановлених показників щодо реалізації правових режимів в економіці країни.Different approaches upon the most privileged legal regime in economy of Ukraine are characterized. Among them, firstly, establishment of the most privileged legal regime unilaterally by the parliament of the country in relation to specific subjects or areas. Secondly, application of the norms of material and procedure law in certain sectors of economy under establishment of a clear strategy for future development of the state and determining the place of the state in the global division of labor. Thirdly, application of the most privileged regime to separately determined groups of the subjects of business or to the respective territories in dimension of placing on them productive processes. Fourthly, realization of requirements to the content of the most privileged regime: ensuring special status of individual subjects; ensuring procedural protection capabilities of the subject of business from the state, and the state responsibility in the case of violation of beforehand established rights of the subject of business; determination of the essence and mandatory conditions of existence of the most privileged regime in economy, ensuring uniform understanding of these rules and their uniform application; determination of legal responsibility for effective implementation of the stated indicators in respect of realization of legal regimes in economy of the state.Рассматриваются подходы правового режима наибольшего благоприятствования в экономике Украины.Среди таковых, во-первых, режим наибольшего благоприятствования в одностороннем порядке законодательным органом страны по отношению к определенным субъектам либо территориям. Во-вторых, применение норм материального и процессуального права в отдельных отраслях экономики при четкой стратегии перспективного развития государства и определения места страны в системе глобального разделения труда. В-третьих, применение режима наибольшего благоприятствования к отдельно определенным группам субъектов хозяйствования или на соответствующих территориях в части размещения на них производств. В-четвертых, реализация требований к содержанию режима наибольшего благоприятствования: обеспечение специального статуса отдельных субъектов; обеспечение процессуальных возможностей защиты субъекта хозяйствования от государства и ответственности государства в случае нарушения заранее установленных прав субъектов хозяйствования; определение сути и обязательных условий существования режима наибольшего благоприятствования в экономике, обеспечение единообразного понимания этих норм и одинакового их применения; определение юридической ответственности за эффективное выполнение установленных показателей по реализации правовых режимов в экономике страны

The development of study-specific self-efficacy during grammar school.(Zur Entwicklung der studienspezifischen Selbstwirksamkeit in der Oberstufe)

Article is in German. Even if more and more German adolescents acquire a university entrance qualification, not all of them finally enrol at a university. In particular, the transition from school to university strongly depends on parent’s education. Even with the same marks in school, adolescents from non-academic households are less likely to enrol in universities than adolescents from academic housholds. One important reason is their lower belief to master a university study. This study analyses a specific intervention in grammar school to improve study-specific self- efficacy, the belief in one’s capabilities to master a university study, using a longitudinal design. We apply a difference-in-difference framework and show that programme participation significantly improves the study-specific self-efficacy for puplis from non- academic families but not for those from academic families. Hence, such a programme could reduce social disparities between both groups

Space-resolved modeling of stationary spots on copper vacuum arc cathodes and on composite CuCr cathodes with large grains

A self-consistent space-resolved numerical model of cathode spots in vacuum arcs is realized on the computational platform COMSOL Multiphysics. The model is applied to the investigation of stationary spots on planar cathodes made of copper or composite CuCr material with large ( 20 µm) chromium grains. The modeling results reveal a well defined spot with a structure, which is in agreement with the general theory of stationary cathode arc spots and similar to that of spots on cathodes of arcs in ambient gas. In the case of CuCr contacts with large chromium grains, spots with currents of the order of tens of amperes on copper coexist with spots on chromium with currents of the order of one or few amperes. The main effect of change of the cathode material from copper to chromium is a reduction of thermal conductivity of the cathode material, which causes a reduction of the radius of the spot and a corresponding reduction of the spot current.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Modeling spots on composite copper-chromium contacts of vacuum arcs and their stability

Cathode spots on copper–chromium contacts of vacuum interrupters are simulated by means of a self-consistent space-resolved numerical model of cathode spots in vacuum arcs developed on the basis of the COMSOL Multiphysics software. Attention is focused on spots attached to Cr grains in the Cu matrix in a wide range of values of the ratio of the grain radius to the radius of the spot. In the case where this ratio is close to unity, parameters of spot are strongly different from those operating on both pure-copper and pure-chromium cathodes; in particular, the spot is maintained by Joule heat generation in the cathode body and the net energy flux is directed from the cathode to the plasma and not the other way round. An investigation of stability has shown that stationary spots are stable if current controlled. However, under conditions of high power circuit breakers, where the near-cathode voltage is not affected by ignition or extinction of separate spots, the spots are unstable and end up either in explosive-like behavior or in destruction by thermal conduction. On the other hand, spots live significantly longer-up to one order of magnitude-if the spot and grain sizes are close; else, typical spot lifetimes are of the order of 10 µs. This result is very interesting theoretically and may explain the changes in grain size occurring in the beginning of the lifetime of contacts of high-power current breakers. A sensitivity study has shown that variations in different aspects of the simulation model produce quantitative changes but do not affect the results qualitatively.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

High pressure synthesis of polar and non-polar cation-ordered polymorphs of Mn2ScSbO6

Two new cation-ordered polymorphs of Mn2ScSbO6 have been synthesised at high-pressure. At 5.5 GPa and 1523 K Mn2ScSbO6 crystallizes in the Ni3TeO6-type structure with the polar R3 space group and cell parameters a = 5.3419 (5) Å and c = 14.0603 (2) Å. Below TC = 42.0 K it exhibits ferrimagnetic order with a net magnetization of 0.6μB arising from unusual site-selective Mn/Sc disorder and is thus a potential multiferroic material. A double perovskite phase obtained at 12 GPa and 1473 K crystallizes in the non-polar P21/n monoclinic space group with cell parameters a = 5.2909 (3) Å, b = 5.4698 (3) Å, c = 7.7349 (5) Å and β = 90.165 (6) °. Magnetization and neutron diffraction experiments reveal antiferromagnetic order below TN = 22.3 K with the spins lying in the ac plane

Interim report for the International Muon Collider Collaboration (IMCC)

The International Muon Collider Collaboration (IMCC) [1] was established in 2020 following the recommendations of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (ESPP) and the implementation of the European Strategy for Particle Physics-Accelerator R&D Roadmap by the Laboratory Directors Group [2], hereinafter referred to as the the European LDG roadmap. The Muon Collider Study (MuC) covers the accelerator complex, detectors and physics for a future muon collider. In 2023, European Commission support was obtained for a design study of a muon collider (MuCol) [3]. This project started on 1st March 2023, with work-packages aligned with the overall muon collider studies. In preparation of and during the 2021-22 U.S. Snowmass process, the muon collider project parameters, technical studies and physics performance studies were performed and presented in great detail. Recently, the P5 panel [4] in the U.S. recommended a muon collider R&D, proposed to join the IMCC and envisages that the U.S. should prepare to host a muon collider, calling this their "muon shot". In the past, the U.S. Muon Accelerator Programme (MAP) [5] has been instrumental in studies of concepts and technologies for a muon collider.Comment: This document summarises the International Muon Collider Collaboration (IMCC) progress and status of the Muon Collider R&D programm