Suidos fósiles del Sistema paleokárstico de Bolt's Farm, Sudáfrica: implicaciones para la taxonomía y biocronología de Potamochoeroides y los Notochoerus

Recent excavations at Aves Cave I (AC), Brad Pit ‘A’ (BPA), Milo ‘A’ (MA), Bridge Cave (BC) and Alcelaphine Cave (AL), in the Cradle of Humankind, Gauteng, South Africa, have yielded fossil suid remains which provide biostratigraphic information about the periods of deposition in the Bolt’s Farm Palaeokarst System. At Aves Cave I there are Late Pliocene deposits which have yielded the extinct suid Potamochoeroides hypsodon, including skeletal elements that were poorly represented in previous collections from Bolt’s Farm as well as rare remains of Notochoerus capensis. At Brad Pit ‘A’ remains of Gerontochoerus koobiforaensis occur. Milo ‘A’ and other deposits have yielded remains of the suid Metridiochoerus andrewsi that indicate a later phase of endokarst sedimentation (Early Pleistocene). The Panthera Spot at Bridge Cave has yielded articulated foot bones of a suid, provisionally identified as Phacochoerus modestus and which suggest an Early Pleistocene age for this infilling. The augmented samples of suids from Bolt’s Farm invite detailed comparisons with the Suidae from Makapansgat which permits a review of the taxonomy of Notochoerus and Potamochoeroides. It is shown that both genera are Suinae, and could be synonyms. Comparisons are also made with Plio-Pleistocene suids from Malawi and Namibia.Las recientes excavaciones en Aves Cave I (AC), Brad Pit 'A' (BPA), Milo 'A' (MA), Bridge Cave (BC) y Alcelaphine Cave (AL), en la Cuna de la Humanidad, Gauteng (Sudáfrica), han proporcionado restos fósiles de suidos que aportan información bioestratigráfica sobre los intervalos de sedimentación del Sistema Paleokárstico de Bolt’s Farm. En Aves Cave I, Plioceno superior, se han encontrado restos del suido extinto Potamochoeroides hypsodon, incluyendo elementos esqueléticos que estaban poco representados en las colecciones previas de Bolt’s Farm, así como escasos restos de Notochoerus capensis. En Brad Pit 'A' se encontraron restos de Gerontochoerus koo­biforaensis. En Milo 'A' y en otros depósitos se han hallado restos del suido Metridiochoerus andrewsi que indi­can la existencia de una fase posterior de sedimentación endokárstica (Pleistoceno inferior). En Panthera Spot en Bridge Cave se han encontrado huesos articulados del pie de un suido, determinados provisionalmente como Phacochoerus modestus, que indican una edad Pleistoceno inferior para este relleno. El aumento de la muestra de suidos de Bolt’s Farm invita a realizar comparaciones detalladas con los de Makapansgat lo que permite una revisión de la taxonomía de Notochoerus y Potamochoeroides. Se demuestra que ambos géneros son Suina y podrían ser sinónimos. También se han podido realizar comparaciones con los suidos del Plio-Pleistoceno de Malawi y Namibia

Suidos fósiles (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) de Aves Cave I y yacimientos cercanos en el systema paleokárstico de Bolt’s Farm, Sudáfrica

Excavations carried out since 2011 at Bolt’s Farm Palaeokarst System, South Africa, have led to the recovery of interesting remains of suids, notably from Aves Cave I. The taxa present are Potamochoeroides hypsodon and Notochoerus capensis, the same as those that occur at Makapansgat. The new Notochoerus material, which includes an upper third molar and a lower fourth premolar, strengthens the conclusion that this genus is a suine and not a tetraconodont as thought for the past half century. Potamochoeroides has thickened mandibular rami indicating that it descended from the genus Dasychoerus that dispersed into Africa from Eurasia about 5 million years ago. Other karst deposits at Bolt’s Farm have yielded a younger suid fauna comprising Metridiochoerus andrewsi and Phacochoerus modestus, indicating that the Bolt’s Farm Karst System was active for a considerable period of time (ca 4.5 Ma - 1.8 Ma). The fact that all the suid taxa from Bolt’s Farm are hypsodont indicates that the palaeoenvironment contained abundant grass.Las excavaciones llevadas a cabo desde 2011 en el sistema paleokárstico de Bolt’s Farm (Sudáfrica), han dado lugar a la recuperación de interesantes restos de suidos, sobre todo en Aves Cave I. Los taxones presentes son Potamochoeroides hypsodon y Notochoerus capensis, los mismos que aparecen en Makapansgat. El nuevo material de Notochoerus, que incluye un tercer molar superior y un cuarto premolar inferior, refuerza la conclusión de que este género es un suinae y no un tetraconodonto como se ha aceptado durante el último medio siglo. Potamochoeroides tiene rmas mandibulares engrosadas lo que indica que descendió del género Dasychoerus que se extendió por África desde Eurasia hace unos 5 millones de años. Otros depósitos kársticos de Bolt’s Farm han proporcionado una fauna de suidos más jóvenes, incluyendo Metridiochoerus andrewsi y Phacochoerus modestus, lo que sugiere que el sistema kárstico de Bolt’s Farm estuvo activo durante un período de tiempo considerable (aproximadamente 4,5 Ma - 1,8 Ma). El hecho de que todos los taxones de suidos de Bolt’s Farm sean hipsodontos indica que el paleoambiente contenía abundante hierba

Early Origin for Human-Like Precision Grasping: A Comparative Study of Pollical Distal Phalanges in Fossil Hominins

Altres ajuts: Generalitat de Catalunya 2006 FI 00065 i beca de viatge 2008 BE1 00370Background: The morphology of human pollical distal phalanges (PDP) closely reflects the adaptation of human hands for refined precision grip with pad-to-pad contact. The presence of these precision grip-related traits in the PDP of fossil hominins has been related to human-like hand proportions (i.e. short hands with a long thumb) enabling the thumb and finger pads to contact. Although this has been traditionally linked to the appearance of stone tool-making, the alternative hypothesis of an earlier origin-related to the freeing of the hands thanks to the advent of terrestrial bipedalism-is also possible given the human-like intrinsic hand proportion found in australopiths. - Methodology/Principal Findings: We perform morphofunctional and morphometric (bivariate and multivariate) analyses of most available hominin pollical distal phalanges, including Orrorin, Australopithecus, Paranthropous and fossil Homo, in order to investigate their morphological affinities. Our results indicate that the thumb morphology of the early biped Orrorin is more human-like than that of australopiths, in spite of its ancient chronology (ca. 6 Ma). Moreover, Orrorin already displays typical human-like features related to precision grasping. - Conclusions: These results reinforce previous hypotheses relating the origin of refined manipulation of natural objects-not stone tool-making-with the relaxation of locomotor selection pressures on the forelimbs. This suggests that human hand length proportions are largely plesiomorphic, in the sense that they more closely resemble the relatively short-handed Miocene apes than the elongated hand pattern of extant hominoids. With the advent of terrestrial bipedalism, these hand proportions may have been co-opted by early hominins for enhanced manipulative capabilities that, in turn, would have been later co-opted for stone tool-making in the genus Homo, more encephalized than the previous australopiths. This hypothesis remains may be further tested by the finding of more complete hands of unequivocally biped early hominins

La phalange distale du pouce d’Orrorin tugenensis (Miocène supérieur du Kenya)

The lion's share of articles dealing with the thumb anatomy of Plio-Pleistocene hominids has focussed on the capacity to manipulate and manufacture tools, and has largely neglected the locomotor aspects. However, in these hominids, the forelimb was still employed in locomotion. Certain of the anatomical characters classically associated with manipulation and/or fabrication of tools are already present in the Late Miocene species Orrorin tugenensis as shown by the terminal thumb phalanx BAR 1901'01. This specimen reveals crucial information suggesting that thumb morphology is not exclusively related to such tool using and manufacturing activities but reflects in a frequently bipedal creature a deeper adaptation concerning the precision grip essential for climbing and balancing, different from that of apes.La quasi-totalité des articles traitant de l'anatomie du pouce chez les hominidés plio-pléistocènes est focalisée sur la capacité à manipuler et à fabriquer des outils tout en négligeant l'aspect fonctionnel locomoteur. Or, chez ces hominidés, le membre antérieur joue encore un rôle dans la locomotion. Certains de leurs caractères anatomiques classiquement associés à la manipulation et/ou la fabrication d'outils sont déjà présents au Miocène supérieur chez Orrorin tugenensis comme le prouve la phalange de pouce (BAR 1901'01). Cette dernière apporte donc des informations essentielles : elle permet de conclure que la morphologie du pouce n'est probablement pas liée uniquement à la manufacture d'outils, mais pourrait plutôt refléter une adaptation à une saisie fine nécessaire pour équilibrer le corps dans les mouvements de grimper chez des animaux fréquemment bipèdes et différents de ceux des grands singes

Stratigraphy, palaeoclimatic context and fossils of the Southern Rub Al Khali (the Empty Quarter): geological-surveying results of a geo-archaeological survey around the area of Maitan in the Sultanate of Oman

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The domestication that wasn’t: the case of the pre-Neolithic monkeys of Song Terus (Eastern Java, Indonesia)

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