South Dakota Sex and Age Structure, 1980-1990

Age and sex structure of a population plays a critical role in determining the needs and lifestyle of that population. One community, for example, may have a high number of children and youth, a sure indicator of need for teachers and schools; another community may have a high proportion of elderly, indicating a greater need for medical services. People of different ages or gender also may have different consumer preferences. When business leaders and community leaders know the age and sex structure of their community, they can use that information to help direct resources toward meeting particular needs in education, housing, recreation, and medical and social services. Although no two communities are likely to have identical age and sex structures, there are general patterns that are helpful for identifying potential population needs. Population pyramids and indices are useful for illustrating these patterns

A spectroscopy approach to measure the gravitational mass of antihydrogen

We study a method to induce resonant transitions between antihydrogen ($\bar{H}$) quantum states above a material surface in the gravitational field of the Earth. The method consists of applying a gradient of magnetic field, which is temporally oscillating with the frequency equal to a frequency of transition between gravitational states of antihydrogen. A corresponding resonant change in the spatial density of antihydrogen atoms could be measured as a function of the frequency of applied field. We estimate an accuracy of measuring antihydrogen gravitational states spacing and show how a value of the gravitational mass of the $\bar{H}$ atom could be deduced from such a measurement. We also demonstrate that a method of induced transitions could be combined with a free-fall-time measurement in order to further improve the precision

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation is required for insulin-stimulated sodium transport in A6 cells

Insulin stimulates amiloride-sensitive sodium transport in models of the distal nephron. Here we demonstrate that, in the A6 cell line, this action is mediated by the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase and that activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) lies downstream of the receptor tyrosine kinase. Functionally, a specific inhibitor of PI 3-kinase, LY-294002, blocks basal as well as insulin-stimulated sodium transport in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 approximately 6 microM). Biochemically, PI 3-kinase is present in A6 cells and is inhibited both in vivo and in vitro by LY-294002. Furthermore, a subsequent potential downstream signaling element, pp70 S6 kinase, is activated in response to insulin but does not appear to be part of the pathway involved in insulin-stimulated sodium transport. Together with previous reports, these results suggest that insulin may induce the exocytotic insertion of sodium channels into the apical membrane of A6 cells in a PI 3-kinase-mediated manner

Nuclear targeting of the serine protease granzyme A (fragmentin-1)

Cytolytic granule-mediated target cell killing is effected in part through synergistic action of the membrane-acting protein perforin and serine proteases such as granzymes A (GrA) or B (GrB). In the present study we examine GrA cellular entry and nuclear uptake in intact mouse myeloid FDC-P1 cells exposed to perforin using confocal laser scanning microscopy, as well as reconstitute GrA nuclear uptake in vitro. GrA alone was found to be able to enter the cytoplasm of intact cells but did not accumulate in nuclei. In the presence of perforin, it specifically accumulated in the cell nuclei, with maximal levels about 2.5 times those in the cytoplasm after 2. 5 hours. In vitro, GrA accumulated in the nucleus and nucleolus maximally to levels that were four- and sixfold, respectively, those in the cytoplasm. In contrast, the active form of the apoptotic cysteine protease CPP32 did not accumulate in nuclei in vitro. Nuclear/nucleolar import of GrA in vitro was independent of ATP and not inhibitable by the non-hydrolyzable GTP analog GTPgammaS, but was dependent on exogenously added cytosol. Importantly, GrA was found to be able to accumulate in the nucleus of semi-intact cells in the presence of the nuclear envelope-permeabilizing detergent CHAPS, implying that the mechanism of nuclear accumulation was through binding to insoluble factors in the nucleus. GrB was found for the first time to be similar in this regard. The results support the contention that GrA and GrB accumulate in the nucleus through a novel nuclear import pathway, and that this is integral to induction of the nuclear changes associated with cytolytic granule-mediated apoptosis.David A. Jans, Lyndall J. Briggs, Patricia Jans, Christopher J. Froelich, Gayathri Parasivam, Sharad Kumar, Vivien R. Sutton and Joseph A. Trapan

Time dependence of breakdown in a global fiber-bundle model with continuous damage

A time-dependent global fiber-bundle model of fracture with continuous damage is formulated in terms of a set of coupled non-linear differential equations. A first integral of this set is analytically obtained. The time evolution of the system is studied by applying a discrete probabilistic method. Several results are discussed emphasizing their differences with the standard time-dependent model. The results obtained show that with this simple model a variety of experimental observations can be qualitatively reproduced.Comment: APS style, two columns, 4 figures. To appear in Phys. Rev.

Dietetics and Nutrition Students Response to Grocery Store Tour Training Program

Retail dietetics is a growing field, however, there is very little research available on effective teaching strategies for preparing students to enter this part of the profession. This paper is the second paper to report on the results of produce –focused grocery store tour training program. This paper focuses on the trained students’ perception of the program’s effectiveness. Twenty-five dietetics and nutrition students were trained in providing produce – based grocery store tours, and then gave store tours to other college students. Students completed a pre – and post – training survey rating their confidence in providing this type of education and on their intention to do so as part of their career. Students rated their confidence level in giving produce – based grocery store tours significantly higher after the training than before (p < 0.05). However, the training program did not significantly increase the student’s intention in pursuing a career that included giving grocery store tours. The results of this study indicate that a practical training program in giving store tours may increase students’ comfort level with doing so

Magnetic Field Stimulated Transitions of Excited States in Fast Muonic Helium Ions

It is shown that one can stimulate, by using the present-day laboratory magnetic fields, transitions between the $lm$ sub-levels of fast $\mu He^+$ ions formating in muon catalyzed fusion. Strong fields also cause the self-ionization from highly excited states of such muonic ions. Both effects are the consequence of the interaction of the bound muon with the oscillating field of the Stark term coupling the center-of-mass and muon motions of the $\mu He^+$ ion due to the non-separability of the collective and internal variables in this system. The performed calculations show a possibility to drive the population of the $lm$ sub-levels by applying a field of a few $Tesla$, which affects the reactivation rate and is especially important to the $K\alpha$ $x$-ray production in muon catalyzed fusion. It is also shown that the $2s-2p$ splitting in $\mu He^+$ due to the vacuum polarization slightly decreases the stimulated transition rates.Comment: 5 figure