Time dependent wind fields

Two tasks were performed: (1) determination of the accuracy of Seasat scatterometer, altimeter, and scanning multichannel microwave radiometer measurements of wind speed; and (2) application of Seasat altimeter measurements of sea level to study the spatial and temporal variability of geostrophic flow in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The results of the first task have identified systematic errors in wind speeds estimated by all three satellite sensors. However, in all cases the errors are correctable and corrected wind speeds agree between the three sensors to better than 1 ms sup -1 in 96-day 2 deg. latitude by 6 deg. longitude averages. The second task has resulted in development of a new technique for using altimeter sea level measurements to study the temporal variability of large scale sea level variations. Application of the technique to the Antarctic Circumpolar Current yielded new information about the ocean circulation in this region of the ocean that is poorly sampled by conventional ship-based measurements

Extending du Bois-Reymond's Infinitesimal and Infinitary Calculus Theory

The discovery of the infinite integer leads to a partition between finite and infinite numbers. Construction of an infinitesimal and infinitary number system, the Gossamer numbers. Du Bois-Reymond's much-greater-than relations and little-o/big-O defined with the Gossamer number system, and the relations algebra is explored. A comparison of function algebra is developed. A transfer principle more general than Non-Standard-Analysis is developed, hence a two-tier system of calculus is described. Non-reversible arithmetic is proved, and found to be the key to this calculus and other theory. Finally sequences are partitioned between finite and infinite intervals.Comment: Resubmission of 6 other submissions. 99 page

Large-scale sea surface temperature variability from satellite and shipboard measurements

A series of satellite sea surface temperature intercomparison workshops were conducted under NASA sponsorship at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Three different satellite data sets were compared with each other, with routinely collected ship data, and with climatology, for the months of November 1979, December 1981, March 1982, and July 1982. The satellite and ship data were differenced against an accepted climatology to produce anomalies, which in turn were spatially and temporally averaged into two-degree latitude-longitude, one-month bins. Monthly statistics on the satellite and ship bin average temperatures yielded rms differences ranging from 0.58 to 1.37 C, and mean differences ranging from -0.48 to 0.72 C, varying substantially from month to month, and sensor to sensor

Satellite refrigeration study. Part II TECHNICAL analysis

Low temperature refrigeration system for satellite mounted infrared sensor coolin

Bio-optical footprints created by mesoscale eddies in the Sargasso Sea

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2011. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 38 (2011): L13608, doi:10.1029/2011GL047660.We investigate the bio-optical footprints made by mesoscale eddies in the Sargasso Sea and the processes that create them through an eddy-centric approach. Many (>10,000) eddies are identified and followed in time using satellite altimetry observations and the spatial ocean color patterns surrounding each eddy are assessed. We find through a sequence of statistical hypothesis tests that not one but several mechanisms (i.e., eddy pumping, eddy advection and eddy-Ekman pumping) are responsible for the spatial-temporal ocean color patterns following individual eddies. Both eddy pumping and the eddy-Ekman pumping mechanisms alter subsurface nutrient distributions thereby driving biogeochemical cycles, while the eddy advection mechanism to first order stirs existing horizontal gradients in bio-optical properties. This work illustrates both the promise and some of the limitations of satellite observations for assessing the biogeochemical impacts of mesoscale eddies.We would like to acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation and NASA

Local and Remote Forcing of Denitrification in the Northeast Pacific for the Last 2,000 Years

Sedimentary δ15N (δ15Nsed) has been widely applied as a proxy for water column denitrification. When combined with additional productivity proxies, it provides insights into the driving forces behind long‐term changes in water column oxygenation. High‐resolution (~2 years) δ15Nsed and productivity proxy records (total organic carbon [TOC], Si/Ti, and Ca/Ti) from Santa Barbara Basin, California, were generated from a well‐dated Kasten core (SPR0901‐03KC). These records reveal the relationship between Southern California upwelling and oxygenation over the past 2,000 years. Inconsistencies between Si/Ti (coastal upwelling proxy) and TOC (total export productivity proxy) suggest wind curl upwelling influenced Southern California primary productivity, especially during intervals of weak coastal upwelling. Coherence between δ15Nsed, TOC, and drought indicators supports a local control of δ15Nsed by atmospheric circulation, as persistent northerly winds associated with an intensified North Pacific High pressure cell lead to enhanced coastal upwelling. In the northeast Pacific, δ15Nsed is used as a water mass tracer of denitrification signals transported north from the eastern tropical North Pacific (ETNP) via the California Undercurrent. A 1,200‐year δ15Nsed record from the Pescadero slope, Gulf of California, lies between denitrifying subsurface waters in the ETNP and Southern California. During the Medieval Climate Anomaly, coherence between Pescadero and Santa Barbara Basin δ15Nsed indicates connections between ETNP and Southern California on centennial timescales. Yet an out‐of‐phase relationship occurred when the Aleutian Low was anomalously strong during the Little Ice Age. We suggest intensified nutrient‐rich subarctic water advection might have transported high‐15N nitrate into Southern California when the California Undercurrent and ETNP denitrification weakened.Key PointsWind curl upwelling contributes to Southern California primary productivity, especially during weak coastal upwelling intervalsIntensified NPH leads to stronger denitrification through enhanced coastal upwelling and reduced rainfallCalifornia receives relatively more tropical water during the Medieval Climate Anomaly and more subarctic water during the Little Ice AgePeer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151806/1/palo20779_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151806/2/palo20779.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151806/3/palo20779-sup-0001-2019PA003577-SI.pd

Slush hydrogen fluid characterization and instrumentation analysis

Slush hydrogen fluid characterization and instrumentation analysi

ENSO’s impact on the gap wind regions of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean

Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Climate 25 (2012): 3549–3565, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00320.1.The recently released NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) is used to examine the response to ENSO in the northeast tropical Pacific Ocean (NETP) during 1979–2009. The normally cool Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) associated with wind jets through the gaps in the Central American mountains at Tehuantepec, Papagayo, and Panama are substantially warmer (colder) than the surrounding ocean during El Niño (La Niña) events. Ocean dynamics generate the ENSO-related SST anomalies in the gap wind regions as the surface fluxes damp the SSTs anomalies, while the Ekman heat transport is generally in quadrature with the anomalies. The ENSO-driven warming is associated with large-scale deepening of the thermocline; with the cold thermocline water at greater depths during El Niño in the NETP, it is less likely to be vertically mixed to the surface, particularly in the gap wind regions where the thermocline is normally very close to the surface. The thermocline deepening is enhanced to the south of the Costa Rica Dome in the Papagayo region, which contributes to the local ENSO-driven SST anomalies. The NETP thermocline changes are due to coastal Kelvin waves that initiate westward-propagating Rossby waves, and possibly ocean eddies, rather than by local Ekman pumping. These findings were confirmed with regional ocean model experiments: only integrations that included interannually varying ocean boundary conditions were able to simulate the thermocline deepening and localized warming in the NETP during El Niño events; the simulation with variable surface fluxes, but boundary conditions that repeated the seasonal cycle, did not.This research was supported by grants from the NOAA office of Global Programs and the NSF Climate and Global Dynamics Division.2012-11-1

Trophic amplification of climate warming

Ecosystems can alternate suddenly between contrasting persistent states due to internal processes or external drivers. It is important to understand the mechanisms by which these shifts occur, especially in exploited ecosystems. There have been several abrupt marine ecosystem shifts attributed either to fishing, recent climate change or a combination of these two drivers. We show that temperature has been an important driver of the trophodynamics of the North Sea, a heavily fished marine ecosystem, for nearly 50 years and that a recent pronounced change in temperature established a new ecosystem dynamic regime through a series of internal mechanisms. Using an end-to-end ecosystem approach that included primary producers, primary, secondary and tertiary consumers, and detritivores, we found that temperature modified the relationships among species through nonlinearities in the ecosystem involving ecological thresholds and trophic amplifications. Trophic amplification provides an alternative mechanism to positive feedback to drive an ecosystem towards a new dynamic regime, which in this case favours jellyfish in the plankton and decapods and detritivores in the benthos. Although overfishing is often held responsible for marine ecosystem degeneration, temperature can clearly bring about similar effects. Our results are relevant to ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM), seen as the way forward to manage exploited marine ecosystems