Temperature and inoculation method influence disease phenotypes and mortality of Eucalyptus marginata clonal lines inoculated with Phytophthora cinnamomi

Survival of 1-year-old plants of three clonal lines of Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah), two ranked as resistant (RR1 and RR2) and one as susceptible (SS1) to Phytophthora cinnamomi, was assessed after pathogen inoculation with either mycelial mats underbark or zoospores on the stem. Plants were grown at 15, 20, 25 and 30°C. Method of inoculation did not produce comparable mortalities of the clonal lines, particularly at 25 and 30°C. At these temperatures, all three clonal lines had 100% mortality when inoculated underbark, but when inoculated with zoospores, RR1 had 60% survival and lines SS1 and RR2 had 100% mortality. Generally, the level of resistance of all clonal lines declined with increasing temperature. RR2 had consistently higher mortality than SS1, and is therefore not considered resistant. Lesion development was also measured in detached stems of RR1 and a susceptible clonal line (SS2) each inoculated underbark with four different P. cinnamomi isolates. Stems were assessed for lesion development at 20, 25 and 30°C for 4 days. For all four isolates, detached stems of RR1 generally had smaller lesions than those of SS2, particularly at 30°C. The increase in lesion length with increasing temperature was greatest for SS2. Detached stems may have potential in screening for jarrah resistant toP. cinnamomi and allow identification of susceptible clonal lines at 30°C

The acute effects of cocoa flavanols on temporal and spatial attention

In this study, we investigated how the acute physiological effects of cocoa flavanols might result in specific cognitive changes, in particular in temporal and spatial attention. To this end, we pre-registered and implemented a randomized, double-blind, placebo- and baseline-controlled crossover design. A sample of 48 university students participated in the study and each of them completed the experimental tasks in four conditions (baseline, placebo, low dose, and high-dose flavanol), administered in separate sessions with a 1-week washout interval. A rapid serial visual presentation task was used to test flavanol effects on temporal attention and integration, and a visual search task was similarly employed to investigate spatial attention. Results indicated that cocoa flavanols improved visual search efficiency, reflected by reduced reaction time. However, cocoa flavanols did not facilitate temporal attention nor integration, suggesting Potential underlying mechanisms are discussed

Impact Factor: outdated artefact or stepping-stone to journal certification?

A review of Garfield's journal impact factor and its specific implementation as the Thomson Reuters Impact Factor reveals several weaknesses in this commonly-used indicator of journal standing. Key limitations include the mismatch between citing and cited documents, the deceptive display of three decimals that belies the real precision, and the absence of confidence intervals. These are minor issues that are easily amended and should be corrected, but more substantive improvements are needed. There are indications that the scientific community seeks and needs better certification of journal procedures to improve the quality of published science. Comprehensive certification of editorial and review procedures could help ensure adequate procedures to detect duplicate and fraudulent submissions.Comment: 25 pages, 12 figures, 6 table

Spatio-temporal variation in predation by urban domestic cats (Felis catus) and the acceptability of possible management actions in the UK

Urban domestic cat (Felis catus) populations can attain exceedingly high densities and are not limited by natural prey availability. This has generated concerns that they may negatively affect prey populations, leading to calls for management. We enlisted cat-owners to record prey returned home to estimate patterns of predation by free-roaming pets in different localities within the town of Reading, UK and questionnaire surveys were used to quantify attitudes to different possible management strategies. Prey return rates were highly variable: only 20% of cats returned ≥4 dead prey annually. Consequently, approximately 65% of owners received no prey in a given season, but this declined to 22% after eight seasons. The estimated mean predation rate was 18.3 prey cat−1 year−1 but this varied markedly both spatially and temporally: per capita predation rates declined with increasing cat density. Comparisons with estimates of the density of six common bird prey species indicated that cats killed numbers equivalent to adult density on c. 39% of occasions. Population modeling studies suggest that such predation rates could significantly reduce the size of local bird populations for common urban species. Conversely, most urban residents did not consider cat predation to be a significant problem. Collar-mounted anti-predation devices were the only management action acceptable to the majority of urban residents (65%), but were less acceptable to cat-owners because of perceived risks to their pets; only 24% of cats were fitted with such devices. Overall, cat predation did appear to be of sufficient magnitude to affect some prey populations, although further investigation of some key aspects of cat predation is warranted. Management of the predation behavior of urban cat populations in the UK is likely to be challenging and achieving this would require considerable engagement with cat owners

How do we drive a renaissance for national island conservation in Australia?

Australia’s approach to managing and conserving its offshore islands as important national assets warrants urgent review. There is a growing realisation that the current trajectory of loss of natural heritage on islands must be reversed, particularly in an era of increasing climate change. We propose a role description and an organisational model for a national Australian Islands Alliance that champions conservation action, prioritises investments aligned to risks, and that connects partners at a strategic national level. A national alliance offers important opportunity to assess threats and report on condition. Four key foundations underpin a national alliance dedicated to championing island care and expert management: (1) management informed by evidence; (2) sound return on investment; (3) national coordination in partnership with States and Territories; and (4) community participation inclusive of Aboriginal peoples’ and Torres Strait Islanders’ custodial rights and interests. The message from experiences shared across Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific region is that traditional island custodians and stakeholders are vital partners to restoration efforts. These shared learnings collectively demonstrate the time is now for Australia to move forward with a respectful and unified direction to progress successful and sustainable island conservation and restoration

Long term extension of a randomised controlled trial of probiotics using electronic health records

Most randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are relatively short term and, due to costs and available resources, have limited opportunity to be re-visited or extended. There is no guarantee that effects of treatments remain unchanged beyond the study. Here, we illustrate the feasibility, benefits and cost-effectiveness of enriching standard trial design with electronic follow up. We completed a 5-year electronic follow up of a RCT investigating the impact of probiotics on asthma and eczema in children born 2005-2007, with traditional fieldwork follow up to two years. Participants and trial outcomes were identified and analysed after five years using secure, routine, anonymised, person-based electronic health service databanks. At two years, we identified 93% of participants and compared fieldwork with electronic health records, highlighting areas of agreement and disagreement. Retention of children from lower socio-economic groups was improved, reducing volunteer bias. At 5 years we identified a reduced 82% of participants. These data allowed the trial's first robust analysis of asthma endpoints. We found no indication that probiotic supplementation to pregnant mothers and infants protected against asthma or eczema at 5 years. Continued longer-term follow up is technically straightforward

The non-clonality of drug resistance in Beijing-genotype isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the Western Cape of South Africa

Background. The Beijing genotype of M. tuberculosis is a virulent strain that is disseminating worldwide and has a strong association with drug resistance. In the Western Cape of South Africa, epidemiological studies have identified the R220 cluster of the Beijing genotype as a major contributor to a recent outbreak of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Although the outbreak is considered to be due to clonal transmission, the relationship among drug resistant isolates has not yet been established. Results. To better understand the evolution of drug resistance among these strains, 14 drug-resistant clinical isolates of the Beijing genotype were sequenced by whole-genome sequencing, including eight from R220 and six from a more ancestral Beijing cluster, R86, for comparison. While each cluster shares a distinct resistance mutation for isoniazid, mapping of other drug-resistance mutations onto a phylogenetic tree constructed from single nucleotide polymorphisms shows that resistance mutations to many drugs have arisen multiple times independently within each cluster of isolates. Thus, drug resistance among these isolates appears to be acquired, not clonally derived. This observation suggests that, although the Beijing genotype as a whole might have selective advantages enabling its rapid dissemination, the XDR isolates are relatively less fit and do not propagate well. Although it has been hypothesized that the increased frequency of drug resistance in some Beijing lineages might be caused by a mutator phenotype, no significant shift in synonymous substitution patterns is observed in the genomes. Conclusion. While MDR-TB is spreading by transmission in the Western Cape, our data suggests that further drug resistance (i.e. XDR-TB) at this stage is acquired.Peer Reviewe

Ageing vision and falls: a review

Background: Falls are the leading cause of accidental injury and death among older adults. One of three adults over the age of 65 years falls annually. As the size of elderly population increases, falls become a major concern for public health and there is a pressing need to understand the causes of falls thoroughly. Main body of the abstract: While it is well documented that visual functions such as visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and stereo acuity are correlated with fall risks, little attention has been paid to the relationship between falls and the ability of the visual system to perceive motion in the environment. The omission of visual motion perception in the literature is a critical gap because it is an essential function in maintaining balance. In the present article, we first review existing studies regarding visual risk factors for falls and the effect of ageing vision on falls. We then present a group of phenomena such as vection and sensory reweighting that provide information on how visual motion signals are used to maintain balance. Conclusion: We suggest that the current list of visual risk factors for falls should be elaborated by taking into account the relationship between visual motion perception and balance control

Aeration and rheology of buttercream icings

Buttercream icings – 4 phase materials comprising sugar, butter (an emulsion) and air – are widely used for coating and decorating sweet goods. The aeration of 2:1 w/w sugar-butter mixtures was investigated in 2 benchtop planetary mixers and the rheology of the resultant viscoplastic material was quantified using lubricated compressive testing (squeeze flow and upsetting) over extensional shear rates of 10−3–100 s−1. The aeration dynamics exhibited asymptotic behaviour which fitted a simple phenomenological model well. Optical microscopy and X-ray microtomography indicated that the air was incorporated as small bubbles of similar size to the sugar particles or as voids generated by the mixer wires. The measured yield stress was strongly dependent on the air volume fraction, φ. The flow behaviour for one batch could be reasonably described as a Herschel-Bulkley fluid whereas a second batch gave overall better agreement with a modified power-law description: in both cases the viscous friction term decreased strongly with φ.Fil: Fernandes, R.R.. University of Cambridge; Reino UnidoFil: Calver, K.E.. University of Cambridge; Reino UnidoFil: Hayes, D.. University of Cambridge; Reino UnidoFil: Murphy, A.E.. University of Cambridge; Reino UnidoFil: Meza, Barbara Erica del Valle. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química; ArgentinaFil: Orona, Jesica Daiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química; ArgentinaFil: Zorrilla, Susana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química; ArgentinaFil: Walton, H.C.. University of Cambridge; Reino UnidoFil: Wilson, D Ian. University of Cambridge; Reino UnidoFil: Peralta, Juan Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química; Argentin

Steatotic liver disease in people with HIV at Tshepong Hospital: A post-mortem analysis

Background: Liver disease is the leading cause of non-AIDS-related mortality in people living with HIV (PLWH). Steatotic liver disease (SLD) is increasingly recognised as an important aetiological factor in liver dysfunction in PLWH. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the post-mortem prevalence and severity of SLD and determine HIV- and non-HIV-related risk factors associated with it. Method: We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study in which liver histology from 59 deceased people who were infected with HIV was assessed for steatosis, and findings correlated with clinical, epidemiological, and biochemical data. Results: Decedents were predominantly men (33/59); 63% (37/59) were virologically supressed. Median CD4+ T-cell count was 139 cells/µL (interquartile range [IQR]: 47–344). Steatosis was present in 39% (23/59) of decedents: 74% mild, 9% moderate, and 17% severe steatosis. There were no cases of steatohepatitis, and one case with mild fibrosis. Factors associated with SLD were: CD4 T-lymphocyte count 200 cells/µL (odds ratio [OR]: 3.69; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19–11.44), female sex (OR: 8.5; 95% CI: 2.57–28.17), hypertension (OR: 6.5; 95% CI: 2.05–21.00), and being normal or overweight (OR: 6.75; 95% CI: 1.12–40.56). Virological suppression and duration of antiretroviral drug use were not associated with steatosis. Conclusion: We found a high proportion of SLD with heterogeneous causes in deceased people who were infected with HIV, exceeding previously reported prevalences from elsewhere in Africa. A preserved CD4 count and being female conferred the highest risk for steatosis, underscoring the need for screening in this subgroup and further research to delineate risks in a Southern African population