On cavitation in liquid helium in a flow due to a vibrating quartz fork

Cavitation in normal and superfluid liquid ⁴He at saturated vapor pressure and slightly elevated pressures has been experimentally studied in a flow due to quartz forks vibrating at high amplitudes. Above the temperature- and pressure-dependent critical velocity, heterogeneous cavitation is observed both visually and electrically, as a breakdown of the resonance response of the fork.We compare our results with available experimental and discuss them using existing theoretical models. In particular, we show that thermal effects leading to local overheating of the vicinity of the fork have to be taken into account, especially in normal liquid ⁴He

Vortex core contribution to textural energy in 3He-B below 0.4Tc

Vortex lines affect the spatial order-parameter distribution in superfluid 3He-B owing to superflow circulating around vortex cores and due to the interaction of the order parameter in the core and in the bulk as a result of superfluid coherence over the whole volume. The step-like change of the latter contribution at 0.6Tc (at a pressure of 29bar) signifies the transition from axisymmetric cores at higher temperatures to broken-symmetry cores at lower temperatures. We extended earlier measurements of the core contribution to temperatures below 0.2Tc, in particular searching for a possible new core transition to lower symmetries. As a measuring tool we track the energy levels of magnon condensate states in a trap formed by the order-parameter texture.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures, submitted to proceedings of the QFS2010 conferenc

Carbon nanoparticles in lateral flow methods to detect genes encoding virulence factors of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli

The use of carbon nanoparticles is shown for the detection and identification of different Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli virulence factors (vt1, vt2, eae and ehxA) and a 16S control (specific for E. coli) based on the use of lateral flow strips (nucleic acid lateral flow immunoassay, NALFIA). Prior to the detection with NALFIA, a rapid amplification method with tagged primers was applied. In the evaluation of the optimised NALFIA strips, no cross-reactivity was found for any of the antibodies used. The limit of detection was higher than for quantitative PCR (q-PCR), in most cases between 104 and 105 colony forming units/mL or 0.1–0.9 ng/μL DNA. NALFIA strips were applied to 48 isolates from cattle faeces, and results were compared to those achieved by q-PCR. E. coli virulence factors identified by NALFIA were in very good agreement with those observed in q-PCR, showing in most cases sensitivity and specificity values of 1.0 and an almost perfect agreement between both methods (kappa coefficient larger than 0.9). The results demonstrate that the screening method developed is reliable, cost-effective and user-friendly, and that the procedure is fast as the total time required is <1 h, which includes amplification

Quantum Turbulence

The present article reviews the recent developments in the physics of quantum turbulence. Quantum turbulence (QT) was discovered in superfluid $^4$He in the 1950s, and the research has tended toward a new direction since the mid 90s. The similarities and differences between quantum and classical turbulence have become an important area of research. QT is comprised of quantized vortices that are definite topological defects, being expected to yield a model of turbulence that is much simpler than the classical model. The general introduction of the issue and a brief review on classical turbulence are followed by a description of the dynamics of quantized vortices. Then, we discuss the energy spectrum of QT at very low temperatures. At low wavenumbers, the energy is transferred through the Richardson cascade of quantized vortices, and the spectrum obeys the Kolmogorov law, which is the most important statistical law in turbulence; this classical region shows the similarity to conventional turbulence. At higher wavenumbers, the energy is transferred by the Kelvin-wave cascade on each vortex. This quantum regime depends strongly on the nature of each quantized vortex. The possible dissipation mechanism is discussed. Finally, important new experimental studies, which include investigations into temperature-dependent transition to QT, dissipation at very low temperatures, QT created by vibrating structures, and visualization of QT, are reviewed. The present article concludes with a brief look at QT in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures, Review article to appear in J. Phys. Soc. Jp

On cavitation in liquid helium in a flow due to a vibrating quartz fork

Cavitation in normal and superfluid liquid ⁴He at saturated vapor pressure and slightly elevated pressures has been experimentally studied in a flow due to quartz forks vibrating at high amplitudes. Above the temperature- and pressure-dependent critical velocity, heterogeneous cavitation is observed both visually and electrically, as a breakdown of the resonance response of the fork.We compare our results with available experimental and discuss them using existing theoretical models. In particular, we show that thermal effects leading to local overheating of the vicinity of the fork have to be taken into account, especially in normal liquid ⁴He

On the Transition to Turbulence of Oscillatory Flow of Liquid Helium-4

Oscillating solid bodies have frequently been used for studying the properties of normal and superfluid helium. In particular, the transition from laminar flow to turbulence has attracted much interest recently. The purpose of this note is to review several central features of this transition in oscillatory flow, which have been inaccurately formulated in some recent work

History Dependence of Turbulence Generated by a Vibrating Wire in Superfluid (4)He at 1.5 K

We report on the onset of turbulence in normal and superfluid (4)He using several 13.5 mu m diameter vibrating wire resonators placed in a cell, filtered from the surrounding helium bath. We measured the force-velocity characteristics of the wires in normal and superfluid helium over a velocity range up to several meters per second. The transition from laminar to turbulent behavior can be clearly identified. Surprisingly we find that, depending on the cooling history, turbulence in the superfluid does not always develop fully

Labe IV:Teorie modelování a monitorování a její využití v praxi

Zpráva předkládá výstupy o modelování povodní na Ohři k nádrži Skalka včetně stanovení nejistot. Je zkoumán vliv velikosti průtoků na jakost vody a ekosystém v povodí JIzery. Kontinuální sledování dusíku a fosforu na povodí Smržovského potoka v podhůří Jizerských hor. Základní vyhodnocení sledování izotopu kyslíku v Jizerských horách