Vapor pressure measuring system and method Patent

Equipment for measuring partial water vapor pressure in gas tan

Private Schooling in the U.S.: Expenditures, Supply, and Policy Implications

This report provides a first-of-its-kind descriptive summary of private school expenditures. It includes comparisons of expenditures among different types and affiliations of private schools, and it also compares those expenditures with public school expenditures for districts in the same state and labor market. Results indicate that (1) the less-regulated private school sector is more varied in many key features (teacher attributes, pay and school expenditures) than the more highly regulated public schooling sector; (2) these private school variations align and are largely explained by affiliation -- primarily religious affiliation -- alone; and (3) a ranking of school sectors by average spending correlates well with a ranking of those sectors by average standardized test scores

Electrical spot terminal assembly Patent

Electrical spot terminal assembly for printed circuit board

Pressure transducer

Pressure-sensitive transducer, consisting of a series of spindle-supported electrically conductive metal washers connected to electrical sensing circuitry, determines the force exerted between a mounting bolt and nut on relatively fragile components

A universal solution

The phenomenon of an implicit function which solves a large set of second order partial differential equations obtainable from a variational principle is explicated by the introduction of a class of universal solutions to the equations derivable from an arbitrary Lagrangian which is homogeneous of weight one in the field derivatives. This result is extended to many fields. The imposition of Lorentz invariance makes such Lagrangians unique, and equivalent to the Companion Lagrangians introduced in [baker].Comment: arxiv version is already officia

The Economics of Limited Liability: An Empirical Study of New York Law Firms

Since the rapid rise in organizational forms for business associations, academics and practitioners have sought to explain the choice of form rationale. Each form contains its own set of default rules that inevitably get factored into this decision, including the extent to which each individual firm owner will be held personally liable for the collective debts and obligations of the firm. The significance of the differences in these default rules continues to be debated. Many commentators have advanced theories, most notably those based on unlimited liability, profit-sharing, and illiquidity, asserting that the partnership form provides efficiency benefits that outweigh any costs. In this article, the authors test these theories empirically by examining the choice of organizational form by New York law firms. Although the evidence indicates a strong shift from the general partnership form to the limited liability partnership form, a significant number of New York law firms remain general partnerships. The authors conclude that the prevailing theories based on unlimited liability, profit-sharing, and illiquidity are insufficient and posit that, in contrast to the beliefs of many commentators, the choice of form decision is quite complex. It depends on a variety of factors, including the behavior of other similarly situated firms that the decision makers consider competitors for prestige and clients. Nonetheless, it is apparent that unlimited liability is generally considered burdensome, and it is the authors’ prediction that, at some point in time, nearly all the firms in their sample will choose to file as limited liability partnerships. The general partnership form, with its unlimited liability, will operate only as a penalty default that punishes parties who fail to sufficiently define their organization, forcing firm members to reveal relevant information to courts and interested third parties

Some considerations on measuring the Newtonian gravitational constant G in an orbiting laboratory

No fundamental reason has been identified for rejecting the notion of measuring the Newtonian gravitational constant G by observing an artificial binary in a near-Earth orbiting laboratory

Finite-volume Hyperbolic 3-Manifolds contain immersed Quasi-Fuchsian surfaces

The paper contains a new proof that a complete, non-compact hyperbolic $3$-manifold $M$ with finite volume contains an immersed, closed, quasi-Fuchsian surface.Comment: Final version to appear in AGT. Some typos corrected, particularly def (3.6). Rewording of 4 paragraphs in proof of (4.2) for added clarity. Final section added comparing this paper to the approach of Masters and Zhan

Remote Sensing of Snow Fields from Earth Satellites

Considerable effort has gone into snow line delineation using available satellite data. Furthermore, increasing emphasis is being put on automated extraction of such information and generation of a useable product for hydrologists. Implications are clear that the impact from future satellite and sensors systems will create an increased demand for computer processing before the data can be used by the hydrologist. If the coarse-resolution, broad spectral band data available from current satellites already create a demand by hydrologists for computer processing of the data, it is obvious there will be an even greater demand for computer analysis and evaluation when the future ERTS data become available