Lingua Erazma z Rotterdamu między fizjologią, filozofią i filologią

The article entitled “Lingua by Erasmus of Rotterdam – between physiology, philosophy and philology” is devoted to the treatise “Lingua, Sive, De Linguae usu atque abusu Liber utillissimus” which was originally published in 1525, while in an anonymous Old Polish translation it first appeared in 1542. It represents one of the most important voices in then Europe on the role of language in international social communication. In it issues related to the ethics of language, seen from a theological, philosophical and philological perspective, were taken up by the Rotterdammer, using references to medical and natural sciences. The combination of these areas of knowledge has become the subject of in-depth analysis in the article. The term „tongue”, which is equivocal in meaning, is understood in the treatise as the organ for as well as the process of speaking. As a consequence, the „physiology of language” presented in the Lingua, resulting in an extended lesson in anatomy, eventually moves the discourse into the area of reflection on the importance and role of word both in interpersonal association and in the Christian „galaxy” – the humanitas, as a factor for its integration and guarantor of peace.The article entitled “Lingua by Erasmus of Rotterdam – between physiology, philosophy and philology” is devoted to the treatise “Lingua, Sive, De Linguae usu atque abusu Liber utillissimus” which was originally published in 1525, while in an anonymous Old Polish translation it first appeared in 1542. It represents one of the most important voices in then Europe on the role of language in international social communication. In it issues related to the ethics of language, seen from a theological, philosophical and philological perspective, were taken up by the Rotterdammer, using references to medical and natural sciences. The combination of these areas of knowledge has become the subject of in-depth analysis in the article. The term „tongue”, which is equivocal in meaning, is understood in the treatise as the organ for as well as the process of speaking. As a consequence, the „physiology of language” presented in the Lingua, resulting in an extended lesson in anatomy, eventually moves the discourse into the area of reflection on the importance and role of word both in interpersonal association and in the Christian „galaxy” – the humanitas, as a factor for its integration and guarantor of peace

Lęk separacyjny u dzieci jako najczęstsze zaburzenie skutkujące unikaniem szkoły

Anxiety disorders form a part of the most common health disorders existing at the evolutional age. School refusal could be defined as a difficulty in attending school associated with emotional distress, especially anxiety and depression. Separation anxiety can be a meaningful factor of school attendance reluctance.Children suffering from separation anxiety usually experience unrealistic fear of being separated from their meaningful persons. The squeals of childhood anxiety disorders include social, family, and academic impairments. Anxiety separation disorders disrupt the normal psychosocial development of a child.Zaburzenia lękowe należą do najczęściej spotykanych zaburzeń wieku rozwojowego. Unikanie szkoły można zdefiniować jako trudności w uczęszczaniu do szkoły związane z emocjonalnymi zaburzeniami, szczególnie lękowymi i depre-syjnymi. Lęk separacyjny jest głównym podło-żem odmowy chodzenia do szkoły.Dzieciom cierpiącym z powodu lęku separacyjnego towarzyszy nierealistyczny strach przed oddzieleniem od bliskiej osoby. Następstwem zaburzeń lękowych u dzieci jest obniżone funkcjonowanie społeczne, rodzinne i gorsze wykształcenie. Lęk separacyjny upośledza prawidłowy rozwój psychospołeczny dziecka

Separation Anxiety in Children as the Most Common Disorder Co-Occurring with School Refusal

Anxiety disorders form a part of the most common health disorders existing at the evolutional age. School refusal could be defined as a difficulty in attending school associated with emotional distress, especially anxiety and depression. Separation anxiety can be a meaningful factor of school attendance reluctance. Children suffering from separation anxiety usually experience unrealistic fear of being separated from their meaningful persons. The squeals of childhood anxiety disorders include social, family, and academic impairments. Anxiety separation disorders disrupt the normal psychosocial development of a child.Zaburzenia lękowe należą do najczęściej spotykanych zaburzeń wieku rozwojowego. Unikanie szkoły można zdefiniować jako trudności w uczęszczaniu do szkoły związane z emocjonalnymi zaburzeniami, szczególnie lękowymi i depre-syjnymi. Lęk separacyjny jest głównym podło-żem odmowy chodzenia do szkoły. Dzieciom cierpiącym z powodu lęku separacyjnego towarzyszy nierealistyczny strach przed oddzieleniem od bliskiej osoby. Następstwem zaburzeń lękowych u dzieci jest obniżone funkcjonowanie społeczne, rodzinne i gorsze wykształcenie. Lęk separacyjny upośledza prawidłowy rozwój psychospołeczny dziecka

Źródła finansowania spółek z sektora MSP na rynku NewConnect w latach 2010–2013

Micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises play an increasingly important role in the economy. They are trying to raise more funds from different sources. One of them is the issue of shares on the NewConnect market. The article presents ways of financing the SMEs sector, which in 2010–2013 were on the NewConnect market. They were also presented their debt ratios by which companies can assess the situation.Mikro, małe i średnie przedsiębiorstwa odgrywają coraz większą rolę w gospodarce. Starają się pozyskiwać coraz więcej funduszy z różnych źródeł. Jednym z nich jest emisja akcji na rynku NewConnect. W artykule przedstawiono sposoby finansowania przedsiębiorstw z sektora MSP, które w latach 2010–2013 były na rynku NewConnect. Zostały także zaprezentowane ich wskaźniki zadłużenia, dzięki którym można ocenić sytuację firm

The anatomy of the fundic branches of the stomach: preliminary results

The fundic branches of the stomach can be defined as a group of vessels that can arise either directly or indirectly from the following source arteries: the left inferior phrenic artery, the accessory left hepatic artery, the left gastric artery, the left middle suprarenal artery, the main trunk of the splenic artery, the posterior gastric artery, the superior polar artery, the gastrosplenic artery, the left gastroepiploic artery and the splenic artery with its inferior and superior terminal branches. It is worth mentioning that the fundic branches of the left gastroepiploic artery and the superior and inferior terminal branches of the splenic artery, like other vessels arising from these three source arteries and supplying the stomach, are defined as short gastric arteries. The anatomy of these fundic branches, particularly relevant to some surgical procedures, is not sufficiently described, and the current literature suffers from lack of publications on this particular topic. We therefore decided to explore in detail the arterial vascularisation of the gastric fundus. The research was carried out on material consisting of 15 human stomach specimens. The anatomical analysis comprised the following: the number of occurrences of fundic branches in each of the source arteries defined above, the distance between the origins of the source artery and its arising fundic branch, the way in which the fundic branches arose, the length, diameter at point of origin and morphology of the fundic braches, as well as the exact point of perforation of each fundic branch on the fundus. The highest incidence of the direct-branching pattern of fundic branches was in the left middle suprarenal artery, the gastrosplenic artery and the left gastrosplenic artery. The accessory left hepatic artery, the left gastric artery and the main trunk of the splenic artery were the most frequent site of the indirectly arising pattern of fundic branch. The highest median value of fundic branch length was 63.05 mm, found in the accessory left hepatic artery group. The largest median diameter value of the vessel was encountered among those originating in the left middle suprarenal artery and reached 2.17 mm. The posterolateral quadrant of the fundus received the largest number of fundic branches, amounting to 46.5% of all the fundic branches studied. (Folia Morphol 2008; 67: 120–125

KLASYFIKACJA ZABYTKÓW W CZESKIM USTAWODAWSTWIE

In Czechia, provisions of law pertaining to historic preservation were established in 1958, during Stalinism. The regulations were provided in Czechoslovakian Act on Cultural Monuments.It was superseded by the Act on State Care for Historic Monuments and Sites being currently in force, which was adopted in the former political system in 1987. Due to dynamic economic, political, and ownership-related transformations taking place at that time, it was necessary to amend it. Consequently, for several years, the legislators have been working on a new act referred to as “The Act on Protection of Resources of Historic Monuments and Sites.” This article pertains to legislative solutions and classification of historic monuments and sites in the light of the Act being developed. In this document, historic monuments and sites are not grouped into specific categories. Instead, they are all considered material elements of cultural heritage. On the other hand, assets of historical significance are classified into cultural monuments, monument ensembles, and national culture monuments and sites of the most outstanding significance. Additionally, two temporary forms of historic preservation have been developed: areas and reserves of historical significance. Archaeological monuments and properties considered as having outstanding historical values under certain international agreements are treated separately. This classification allows for assigning tasks to appropriate administrative bodies and, at the same time, encouraging institutions responsible for historic preservation of monuments and sites on the national level to become advisory bodies of regional administration institutions. What is worth mentioning in the field of historic preservation in Czechia are government’s attempts at making historic monuments and sites more available to citizens by introducing certain legal regulations, i.e. providing the government with pre-emptive right to purchasea property of historical significance from a private owner. This approach results in increasing government’s profits from tourism and culture-related products.In Czechia, provisions of law pertaining to historic preservation were established in 1958, during Stalinism. The regulations were provided in Czechoslovakian Act on Cultural Monuments.It was superseded by the Act on State Care for Historic Monuments and Sites being currently in force, which was adopted in the former political system in 1987. Due to dynamic economic, political, and ownership-related transformations taking place at that time, it was necessary to amend it. Consequently, for several years, the legislators have been working on a new act referred to as “The Act on Protection of Resources of Historic Monuments and Sites.” This article pertains to legislative solutions and classification of historic monuments and sites in the light of the Act being developed. In this document, historic monuments and sites are not grouped into specific categories. Instead, they are all considered material elements of cultural heritage. On the other hand, assets of historical significance are classified into cultural monuments, monument ensembles, and national culture monuments and sites of the most outstanding significance. Additionally, two temporary forms of historic preservation have been developed: areas and reserves of historical significance. Archaeological monuments and properties considered as having outstanding historical values under certain international agreements are treated separately. This classification allows for assigning tasks to appropriate administrative bodies and, at the same time, encouraging institutions responsible for historic preservation of monuments and sites on the national level to become advisory bodies of regional administration institutions. What is worth mentioning in the field of historic preservation in Czechia are government’s attempts at making historic monuments and sites more available to citizens by introducing certain legal regulations, i.e. providing the government with pre-emptive right to purchasea property of historical significance from a private owner. This approach results in increasing government’s profits from tourism and culture-related products

Obraz własnego ciała u kobiet a satysfakcja seksualna

The subject of this study is women’s body image in the context of obtained sexual satisfaction. The aim of this study was to find possible links between factors of own body image and sexual satisfaction. The study group included 150 women aged 19 to 45 years old. The study used Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire and Body Esteem Scale. The obtained results show the importance of many aspects of body image for procuring sexual satisfaction.Tematem prezentowanych badań jest obraz własnego ciała u kobiet w kontekście uzyskiwanej przez nie satysfakcji seksualnej. Celem podjętych badań było znalezienie ewentualnych związków pomiędzy czynnikami obrazu własnego ciała a satysfakcją seksualną. Grupa badana obejmowała 150 kobiet w wieku od 19 do 45 lat. Do badań wykorzystano Kwestionariusz Satysfakcji Seksualnej oraz Skalę Oceny Ciała. Uzyskane wyniki ukazują znaczenie wielu aspektów obrazu własnego ciała dla uzyskiwanej satysfakcji seksualnej

Some aspects of anxiety in victims of domestic violence

Introduction. The aim of the study was an assessment of traumatic events’ (home bullying) influence on victims’ mental condition. The study examine whether some aspects of anxiety is associated with adverse life events, especially home bullying. Material and methods. The examined group consisted of 59 women at the age between 17 and 64 years, the average age 35.9 years. All examined women were residents of home bullying victims hostel or single mothers’ hostel. Perpetrators used psychical violence (humiliating, menacing, deriding, setting financial limits, cheating victims out of money) or physical violence (beating and spanking, strangling, tieing together, sexual intercourse forcing, locking in a house). To assess the level and symptoms of anxiety Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAS) was used. To assess the level of anxiety as state and as trait the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) self-evaluation questionnaire was used. To assess the level of social anxiety self-report Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) was used. Results. The average level of intensity of anxiety according to HAS was 16.5 points. In 28.8% of women the medium intensity anxiety were found, in 8.4% - hard intensity anxiety. In the studied group the low level of anxiety as a trait and as a state was noted. Social anxiety was reported among 57.1% of women who have experienced domestic violence. Thirty eight percent was noted with a subtype of isolated social anxiety, whereas 19% had a generalized subtype of social phobia. Moderate intensity of social anxiety was presented by 9.5% of women, quite significant by 6.4% and severe and very severe by 9.4% of respondents. Conclusions. Traumatic events caused by home bullying can be a source of anxiety in victims. Victims of domestic violence are inherently at risk of social anxiety.Wstęp. Celem pracy była ocena wpływu traumatycznych wydarzeń w przebiegu przemocy domowej na zdrowie psychiczne ofiar. W badaniu oceniano związek niektórych aspektów lęku z niekorzystnymi doświadczeniami życiowymi, jakie niesie przemoc domowa. Materiał i metody. Grupę badaną stanowiło 59 kobiet w wieku 17-64 lat, średnia wieku wynosiła 35,9 roku. Wszystkie kobiety doznawały długotrwałej przemocy ze strony mężów lub konkubentów. Sprawcy stosowali przemoc psychiczną (słowne poniżanie, grożenie, wyśmiewanie, ograniczanie finansowe, wyłudzanie) lub fizyczną (bicie, duszenie, wiązanie, wymuszanie współżycia, zamykanie w domu). Do oceny nasilenia i objawów lęku zastosowano Skalę Lęku Hamiltona. Do oceny lęku jako stanu i cechy wykorzystano Inwentarz Stanu i Cechy Lęku. Do oceny nasilenia lęku społecznego posłużono się Skalą Lęku Społecznego autorstwa Liebowitza. Wyniki. Nasilenie lęku wśród badanych kobiet w Skali Lęku Hamiltona wynosiło średnio 16,5 punktu. U 28,8% kobiet nasilenie lęku było średnie, a u 8,4% - ciężkie. W badanej grupie zanotowano niski poziom lęku jako stanu i cechy. U ponad połowy (57,1%) kobiet, które doświadczały przemocy domowej stwierdzono fobię społeczną. U 38% zanotowano podtyp izolowanej fobii społecznej, a u 19% - uogólniony podtyp fobii społecznej. Umiarkowane nasilenie lęku społecznego stwierdzono u 9,5% kobiet, znaczne nasilenie objawów prezentowało 6,4% badanych kobiet, a ciężkie i bardzo ciężkie - 9,4%. Wnioski. Traumatyczne wydarzenia związane z przemocą domową są źródłem lęku u ofiar. Ofiary przemocy domowej są grupą szczególnego ryzyka fobii społecznej

Obraz grzeczności w polskiej frazeologii

The article is concerned with those aspects of Polish phraseology that are related to politeness and rudeness (linguistic and non-linguistic). It aims to show what behaviours constitute the linguistic and cultural image of politeness. That image contains socially desirable human traits that we would classify today as both linguistic etiquette and the ethics of language use.Przedmiotem artykułu są zawarte w treści polskich związków frazeologicznych wątki związane z zachowaniami zgodnymi z obowiązującym modelem grzeczności oraz z zachowaniami będącymi odstępstwem od tego modelu (językowymi i niejęzykowymi). Celem jest wskazanie, które zachowania tworzą językowo-kulturowy obraz grzeczności. Z przedstawionej analizy wynika, że zawiera on takie pożądane społecznie cechy człowieka, które dzisiaj zaliczylibyśmy zarówno do etykiety językowej, jak i etyki słowa

Znaczenie teorii przywiązania i teorii systemowych w terapii osób wykorzystanych seksualnie

The sexual abuse of a child is always unfavorable experience for him. It is a factor of risk for his psychosexual development. It is therefore crucial to look for the resources and possibilities to support the development of children and adolescents sexually abused in their families – especially when planning and conducting a diagnostic and therapeutic process. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the need for the use of attachment theory and systemic theories in the therapeutic support of sexually abused persons. The presence of the subject in pedagogical literature is also essential, which will facilitate the cooperation of professionals dealing with children and adolescents with parents and will help to build aid programs more effectively. Wykorzystanie seksualne dziecka zawsze jest doświadczeniem dlań niekorzystnym. Stanowi czynnik ryzyka zaburzenia jego rozwoju psychoseksualnego. Kluczowe jest więc poszukiwanie zasobów i możliwości wsparcia rozwoju dzieci i młodzieży wykorzystanych seksualnie w ich rodzinach – szczególnie podczas planowania i prowadzenia procesu diagnostycznego oraz terapeutycznego. Celem niniejszej pracy jest ukazanie konieczności stosowania teorii przywiązania i teorii systemowych we wsparciu terapeutycznym osób wykorzystywanych seksualnie. Nie bez znaczenia jest także obecność poruszanego tematu w literaturze pedagogicznej, co ułatwi współpracę profesjonalistów zajmujących się dziećmi i młodzieżą z rodzicami oraz pomoże efektywniej budować programy pomocowe