Índice de Variación en el Bienestar Material de los Hogares (IVMH) : Una propuesta para medir en forma dinámica la vulnerabilidad

Las recientes controversias que se han planteado en la agenda pública en torno a los valores y formas de medición de la pobreza a nivel nacional, ponen nuevamente de relieve desde que marcos conceptuales y metodológicos medimos las necesidades, satisfactores y el bienestar –principalmente material – de los hogares. En este sentido, interesa problematizar en el estricto sentido metodológico, la manipulación de indicadores y dimensiones, en relación a los desafíos y potencialidades que ofrecen los instrumentos, la multidimensionalidad de los fenómenos en ciencias sociales y los lenguajes y espacios de difusión de los datos construidos (Ibañez, 1999; Cea D’Ancona, 2012; López Roldán y Fachelli, 2015). El término “manipulación” suele tener, en el sentido común, una fuerte carga peyorativa que tiende a homologarlo con falsificación de los datos. En cambio, desde otro uso del término, queremos referirnos aquí a cómo lidiar y complementar entre distintas tradiciones metodológicas; fuentes de datos y/o indicadores. Los índices – numéricos o tipológicos – constituyen un instrumento relevante en la medida que permite ensamblar diferentes dimensiones complementarias de la realidad social. En este sentido, nos interesa resaltar una herramienta particular que sirve tanto como medición de privaciones absolutas y relativas y como estratificador de los hogares. A partir de la selección de un conjunto de dimensiones se construyó un índice resumen combinado y ponderado, que permite ordenar a la totalidad de los hogares en cuatro conjuntos. El instrumento resultante ha sido denominado Índice de Variación del Bienestar Material de los Hogares (IVMH). Los avances aquí presentados son el resultado de los trabajos conjuntos en el marco del Laboratorio de Estudios sobre Déficits Urbanos y Sociales (LEDUS), con sede en Centro de Estudios de Ciudad (CEC) de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, así como parte de la cátedra de Estudios Sociodemográficos de la Carrera de Trabajo Social de la mencionada casa de estudios.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

How do valence and meaning interact? The contribution of semantic control

The hub‐and‐spoke model of semantic cognition proposes that conceptual representations in a heteromodal ‘hub’ interact with and emerge from modality‐specific features or ‘spokes’, including valence (whether a concept is positive or negative), along with visual and auditory features. As a result, valence congruency might facilitate our ability to link words conceptually. Semantic relatedness may similarly affect explicit judgements about valence. Moreover, conflict between meaning and valence may recruit semantic control processes. Here we tested these predictions using two‐alternative forced‐choice tasks, in which participants matched a probe word to one of two possible target words, based on either global meaning or valence. Experiment 1 examined timed responses in healthy young adults, while Experiment 2 examined decision accuracy in semantic aphasia patients with impaired controlled semantic retrieval following left hemisphere stroke. Across both experiments, semantically related targets facilitated valence matching, while related distractors impaired performance. Valence congruency was also found to facilitate semantic decision‐making. People with semantic aphasia showed impaired valence matching and had particular difficulty when semantically related distractors were presented, suggesting that the selective retrieval of valence information relies on semantic control processes. Taken together, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that automatic access to the global meaning of written words affects the processing of valence, and that the valence of words is also retrieved even when this feature is task‐irrelevant, affecting the efficiency of global semantic judgements

Cognitive disorders in HIV-1: pragmatic dimension of verbal communication

Introducción: La alteración de funciones neurocognitivas es una complicación frecuente en pacientes con virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). A pesar de esto, las dificultades pragmáticas y, en especial, en habilidades de comunicación verbal han sido poco abordadas en esta población de pacientes. Objetivos: Nos propusimos estudiar las habilidades de comunicación verbal en una muestra de paciente VIH-1, mediante la aplicación del Protocolo MEC. Método: Se evaluaron 20 pacientes que asistían al servicio de Infectología del Hospital Thompson (San Martín, provincia de Buenos Aires) y que cumplían con los siguientes criterios de inclusión: 18 años o más, VIH-1 positivo, hablantes nativos de español, sin alteraciones en la adquisición del lenguaje, la lectura o la escritura, sin antecedentes de enfermedad neurológica o psiquiátrica, pacientes que reciben TARV -Tratamiento antirretroviral- o que no reciben TARV (que no incluya efavirenz/ con carga viral detectable [>50 cop/mL]). Fueron evaluados con el Protocolo MEC, que valora las habilidades de comunicación verbal. Resultados: Los resultados demuestran que algunas de las habilidades evaluadas por las diferentes pruebas de Protocolo MEC son más vulnerables al déficit en pacientes VIH-1. Las tareas que mostraron déficits más sistemáticos y frecuentes fueron las del nivel del discurso y las que evalúan el procesamiento léxico semántico. Conclusión: La detección de déficits de comunicación en pacientes VIH-1 puede contribuir con la identificación de trastornos cognitivos y la admisión de los pacientes al sistema de salud.Introduction: La perturbation du fonctionnement neurocognitif est une complication fréquente chez les patients VIH - positifs. Malgré cela, les difficultés pragmatiques et, en particulier, les difficultés de communication verbale ont été peu étudiés dans cette population de patients. Objectifs: Nous avons proposé d'étudier les compétences en communication verbale dans un groupe de VIH - 1 des patients infectés, par l'application de la Protocolo MEC. Méthodes: Nous avons évalué 20 patients qui participaient au service des maladies infectieuses de l' Hôpital Thompson (San Martín, Buenos Aires) et qui satisfait aux critères d' inclusion suivants: plus de 18 ans; VIH - 1 positif; locuteurs natifs de l'espagnol; aucune modification dans l'acquisition du langage, la lecture ou l'écriture; sans antécédents de maladie neurologique ou psychiatrique; patients recevant TARV - au traitement antirétroviral ou non recevoir TARV (non compris l'éfavirenz / avec charge virale détectable [ > 50 copies / mL ] ). Ils ont été évalués avec le Protocole MEC, qui valorise les capacités de communication verbale. Résultats: Les résultats démontrent que certaines des compétences évaluées par les différents tests de protocole d' MEC sont plus vulnérables à des patients VIH-1. Les tâches qui ont montré les déficits les plus fréquentes et systématiques chez les patients étaient des tâches au niveau du discours et ceux qui évaluent le traitement sémantique lexicale. Conclusion: La détection de déficit de communication dans les patients VIH-1 serait le point de départ pour l'identification des troubles et l'admission des patients au système de soins de santé. Mots clés: VIH - 1, troubles cognitifs, communication verbale, pragmatique.Introdução: A alteração das funções neurocognitivas é uma complicação frequente em pacientes com o vírus de imunodeficiência adquirida (HIV). Apesar disto, as dificuldades pragmáticas e, em especial, em habilidade de comunicação verbal vêm sendo pouco abordadas em esta população de pacientes. Objetivos: Nos propomos a estudar as habilidades de comunicação verbal em uma amostra de pacientes com HIV-1, mediante a aplicação do Protocolo MEC. Método: Avaliaram-se 20 pacientes que assistiam ao Serviço de Infectologia do Hospital Thompson (São Martim, província de Buenos Aires) e que cumpriam os seguintes critérios de inclusão: 18 anos ou mais, HIV-1 positivo, falantes nativos de espanhol, sem alterações na aquisição da linguagem, na leitura, sem antecedentes de enfermidade neurológica ou psiquiátrica, pacientes que recebem TARV – Tratamento antiretroviral – o que não recebem TARV (que não inclua efavirenz/ com carga viral detectável [>50cop/ml]). Foram avaliados com o Protocolo MEC, que avalia as habilidades de comunicação verbal. Resultados: Os resultados demonstram que algumas habilidades avaliadas pelas diferentes provas do Protocolo MEC são mais vulneráveis ao déficit em pacientes com HIV-1. As tarefas que mostraram déficits mais semânticos y frequentes foram as de nível de discurso y as que avaliam o processamento léxico semântico. Conclusão: A detecção de déficits de comunicação em pacientes com HIV-1 pode contribuir com a identificação de transtornos cognitivos e a admissão dos pacientes ao sistema de saúde.Introduction: The disruption of neurocognitive functioning is a frequent complication in HIV-positive patients. Despite this, pragmatic difficulties and, in particular, verbal communication difficulties have been poorly studied in this population of patients. Objectives: We proposed to study the verbal communication skills in a group of HIV-1 infected patients, by applying the Protocolo MEC. Methods: We evaluated 20 patients who were attending at the Infectious Diseases Service of the Hospital Thompson (San Martín, Buenos Aires) and who met the following inclusion criteria: over 18 years of age; HIV-1 positive; native speakers of Spanish; no alterations in language acquisition, reading, or writing; no history of neurological or psychiatric disease; patients receiving TARV-antiretroviral-treatment or not receiving TARV (not including efavirenz / with detectable viral load [> 50 copies / mL]). They were evaluated with Protocol MEC, which values verbal communication abilities. Results: The results demonstrate that some of the skills evaluated by the different MEC Protocol tests are more vulnerable in HIV-1 patients. The tasks that showed the most frequent and systematic deficits among patients were discourse-level tasks and those that evaluate lexical semantic processing. Conclusion: The detection of communication deficit in HIV-1 patients would be the starting point for the identification of disorders and the admission of the patients to health care system.Fil: Abusamra, Valeria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras; Argentina. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Salud. Hospital Interzonal de Agudos "Eva Perón"; ArgentinaFil: Abusamra, Lorena. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina; Argentina. Hospital Municipal Dr. Diego Thompson; ArgentinaFil: Sampedro, María Bárbara. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Salud. Hospital Interzonal de Agudos "Eva Perón"; ArgentinaFil: Difalcis, Micaela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras; Argentina. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Salud. Hospital Interzonal de Agudos "Eva Perón"; ArgentinaFil: Martínez, Gisela Paola. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras; ArgentinaFil: Marino Dávolos, Julián. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Psicología; ArgentinaFil: Ferreres, Aldo Rodolfo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Salud. Hospital Interzonal de Agudos "Eva Perón"; Argentin

Utopian Visions for Buenos Aires Shantytowns: Collective Imaginaries of Housing Rights, Upgrading and Eviction (1956-2013)

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Wiley via https://doi.org/10.1111/blar.12559This article explores three utopian visions which have shaped past and present experiences within Buenos Aires shantytowns: those of upgraded shantytowns, of universal housing, and of a city where shantytowns have been eliminated. The article argues that these visions are collective conceptions that entail a socio-political critique which is translated into space and which points to an ideal future. The visions proposed emerge from the examination of historical evidence and are a key conceptual tool for understanding previous and current discussions of shantytowns in Latin America

La plurinacionalidad del Estado y las aporías del liberalismo

La plurinacionalidad del Estado forma parte del proyecto político del movimiento indígena ecuatoriano y boliviano es también parte de su ontología política como alteridades radicales a la modernidad. La recuperación de la ontología política del movimiento indígena permite confrontar el estatuto de violencia inherente a la forma Estado-nación, así como a los discursos que lo legitiman, fundamentalmente, el liberalismo. El Estado-nación moderno ha procesado la invisibilización y desaparición ontológica de las alteridades radicales a través de varios procesos políticos, jurídicos e institucionales. Para confrontar esa violencia y ese estatuto de invisibilización y desaparición ontológica, se ha propuesto la plurinacionalidad del Estado desde la praxis política e histórica de los indígenas como sujetos sociales

Poluição visual em Rio Claro (SP)

Diante de interferências esteticamente prejudiciais ao panorama natural ou urbano, faz-se necessário identificar a existência da poluição visual como o comprometimento aos valores ambientais, da mesma maneira como outras formas de poluição (do ar, das águas, do solo etc.). Dos excessos das propagandas comerciais às pichações, das monótonas massas de edifícios aos traçados urbanos mal planejados, dos acúmulos de lixo em ruas, praças e jardins às ações governamentais mal sucedidas quanto à sinalização de trânsito, o fato é que o problema da degeneração da qualidade da paisagem urbana surge no momento em que a renovação das cidades é intensa e veloz, justificando a preocupação deste estudo com os aspectos visuais. Esta pesquisa tem o intuito de disponibilizar os estudos da Geografia na aplicação do planejamento ambiental, isto sem perder de vista a inevitável e antagônica relação do poder do capital e da necessidade do cumprimento do acordo de se legar às gerações futuras as melhores condições ambientais possíveis.In front of prejudicial aesthetically interferences to natural or urban landscape, it's necessary to identify the presence of visual pollution how the engagement to environment values, as well as other kinds of pollution (of the air, water, soil and others). From commercial advertising excesses until the pitched walls, from monotonous building structures until the badly planed urban lines, from trash accumulation on streets, squares and gardens until the unsuccessful government actions linked of the traffic signs, what happened is that urban landscape quality deterioration problem emerges in the moment in that cities renovation is stronger and fast, justifying this work worry with visual aspects. This research wants to put Geography studies in the environment planning without to lose sight of inevitable and antagonistic capital power relation and the necessary agreement to leave to future generations the best possible environment conditions

Linking individual differences in semantic cognition to white matter microstructure

Semantic cognition is thought to involve the interaction of heteromodal conceptual representations with control processes that (i) focus retrieval on currently-relevant information, and (ii) suppress dominant yet irrelevant features and associations. Research suggests that semantic control demands are higher when retrieving a link between weakly-associated word pairs, since there is a mismatch between the pattern of semantic retrieval required by the task and the dominant associations of individual words. In addition, given that heteromodal concepts are thought to reflect the integration of vision, audition, valence and other features, the control demands of semantic tasks should be higher when there is less consistency between these features. In the present study, 62 volunteers completed a semantic decision task, where association strength and semantic-affective congruence were manipulated. We used diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging to obtain fractional anisotropy (FA) measures of white matter tracts hypothesized to be part of the semantic network. The behavioural data revealed an interaction between semantic-affective congruence and strength of association, suggesting these manipulations both contribute to semantic control demands. Next we considered how individual differences in these markers of semantic control relate to the microstructure of canonical white matter tracts, complementing previous studies that have largely focused on measures of intrinsic functional connectivity. Repeated-measures analysis of covariance showed opposing interactions between semantic control markers and FA of two tracts: left inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF) and right inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF). Participants with higher FA in left ILF showed more efficient retrieval of weak associations, and more accurate performance for weak associations when meaning and valence were incongruent, consistent with the hypothesis that this left hemisphere tract supports semantic control. In contrast, participants with higher FA in right IFOF were more accurate for trials in which meaning and valence were congruent, and consequently when semantic control demands were minimised. These findings are consistent with recent studies showing that semantic control processes are strongly left-lateralised. In contrast, long-range connections from vision to semantic regions in the right hemisphere might support relatively automatic patterns of semantic retrieval