Pengembangan Metode Kromatografi Gas Detektor Ionisasi Nyala Untuk Analisis Co Dan Co2 Di Udara

Udara berperan penting bagi kehidupan makhluk hidup sehingga penilaian kualitas udara perlu dilakukan. Beberapa studi epidemiologi menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang erat antara tingkat pencemaran udara dengan angka kejadian penyakit pernafasan. Contoh senyawa pencemar udara yang perlu dipantau kadarnya adalah CO dan CO2. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan metode kromatografi gas dengan detektor ionisasi nyala untuk analisis CO dan CO2 di udara yang spesifik dan presisi. Pada tahap awal dicari metode untuk optimasi pemisahan CO dan CO2, selanjutnya metode tersebut divalidasi, dan diaplikasikan pada pengukuran kuantitas CO dan CO2. Sistem optimal yang didapat adalah laju alir kolom 1 mL/menit, gas pembawa Helium, tekanan kolom 110 kPa, mode injeksi split dengan rasio 1:50, suhu injektor 100°C, suhu detektor 250°C, dan suhu kolom 100°C. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh, metode kromatografi gas detektor ionisasi nyala yang dikembangkan memberikan Rs sebesar 2,440. KV uji presisi intraday dan interday untuk CO masing-masing sebesar 1,048% dan 4,962%. KV uji presisi intraday dan interday untuk CO2 masing-masing sebesar 0,74% dan 4,099%. Linieritas dengan r2 CO dan CO2, yaitu 0,973 dan 0,994. Nilai LOD untuk CO sebesar 25,347 ng dan CO2 sebesar 14,168 ng, serta nilai LOQ untuk CO sebesar 82,283 ng dan CO2 sebesar 47,817 ng

Pemisahan Rifampisin, Isoniazid, dan Pirazinamida dengan Klt Terimpregnasi Parafin

Telah dilakukan pengembangan metode kromatografi untuk pemisahan rifampisin, isoniazid, dan pirazinamida menggunakan pelat KLT terimpregnasi parafin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan metode pemisahan rifampisin, isoniazid, dan pirazinamida secara simultan. KLT silika gel 60 GF254 diimpregnasi menggunakan parafin 10% (v/v) dalam dietil eter. Beberapa variasi fase gerak yang dioptimasi mengacu pada campuran etanol : air (70:30 v/v) + 5% asam asetat glasial + 1% amonia 37%. Parameter kromatografi terbaik diperoleh dari pemisahan menggunakan fase gerak campuran etanol : air (95:5 v/v) + 5% asam asetat glasial + 1% dietilamin. Fase gerak ini juga memberikan pemisahan terbaik untuk ketiga senyawa dengan Rs > 1 dan ? > 1. Pelat dipindai pada panjang gelombang 335 nm untuk analisis rifampisin dan 275 nm untuk analisis isoniazid dan pirazinamida menggunakan KLT-spektrofotodensitometer. Metode yang dikembangkan dapat digunakan sebagai acuan untuk pemisahan rifampisin, isoniazid, dan pirazinamida pada sampel obat ataupun sampel biologis

A Major Locus for Quantitatively Measured Shank Skin Color Traits in Korean Native Chicken

Shank skin color of Korean native chicken (KNC) shows large color variations. It varies from white, yellow, green, bluish or grey to black, whilst in the majority of European breeds the shanks are typically yellow-colored. Three shank skin color-related traits (i.e., lightness [L*], redness [a*], and yellowness [b*]) were measured by a spectrophotometer in 585 progeny from 68 nuclear families in the KNC resource population. We performed genome scan linkage analysis to identify loci that affect quantitatively measured shank skin color traits in KNC. All these birds were genotyped with 167 DNA markers located throughout the 26 autosomes. The SOLAR program was used to conduct multipoint variance-component quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses. We detected a major QTL that affects b* value (logarithm of odds [LOD] = 47.5, p = 1.60×10−49) on GGA24 (GGA for Gallus gallus). At the same location, we also detected a QTL that influences a* value (LOD = 14.2, p = 6.14×10−16). Additionally, beta-carotene dioxygenase 2 (BCDO2), the obvious positional candidate gene under the linkage peaks on GGA24, was investigated by the two association tests: i.e., measured genotype association (MGA) and quantitative transmission disequilibrium test (QTDT). Significant associations were detected between BCDO2 g.9367 A>C and a* (PMGA = 1.69×10−28; PQTDT = 2.40×10−25). The strongest associations were between BCDO2 g.9367 A>C and b* (PMGA = 3.56×10−66; PQTDT = 1.68×10−65). However, linkage analyses conditional on the single nucleotide polymorphism indicated that other functional variants should exist. Taken together, we demonstrate for the first time the linkage and association between the BCDO2 locus on GGA24 and quantitatively measured shank skin color traits in KNC

The Effectiveness of Contract Farming for Raising Income of Smallholder Farmers in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: a Systematic Review

Contract farming is used by an increasing number of firms as a preferred modality to source products from smallholder farmers in low and middle-income countries. Quality requirements of consumers, economies of scale in production or land ownership rights are common incentives for firms to offer contractual arrangements to farmers. Prices and access to key technology, key inputs or support services are the main incentives for farmers to enter into these contracts. There is great heterogeneity in contract farming, with differences in contracts, farmers, products, buyers, and institutional environments. The last decade shows a rapid increase in studies that use quasi-experimental research designs to assess the effects of specific empirical instances of contract farming on smallholders. The objective of this systematic review was to distill generalised inferences from this rapidly growing body of evidence. The review synthesised the studies in order to answer two questions: 1: What is known about the effect size of contract farming on income and food security of smallholder farmers in low- and middle-income countries? 2: Under which enabling or limiting conditions are contract farming arrangements effective for improving income and food security of smallholders

Evidence on the magnitude of the economic, health and population effects of palm cooking oil consumption: an integrated modelling approach with Thailand as a case study

BACKGROUND: Palm oil’s high yields, consequent low cost and highly versatile properties as a cooking oil and food ingredient have resulted in its thorough infiltration of the food sector in some countries. Longitudinal studies have associated palm oil’s high saturated fatty acid content with non-communicable disease, but neither the economic or disease burdens have been assessed previously. // METHODS: This novel palm oil-focussed disease burden assessment employs a fully integrated health, macroeconomic and demographic Computable General Equilibrium Model for Thailand with nine regional (urban/rural) households. Nutritional changes from food consumption are endogenously translated into health (myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke) and population outcomes and are fed back into the macroeconomic model as health and caregiver-related productive labour supply effects and healthcare costs to generate holistic 2016–2035 burden estimates. Model scenarios mirror the replacement of palm cooking oil with other dietary oils and are compared with simulated total Thai health and macroeconomic burdens for MI and stroke. // RESULTS: Replacing consumption of palm cooking oil with other dietary oils could reduce MI/stroke incident cases by 8280/2639 and cumulative deaths by 4683/894 over 20 years, removing approximately 0.5% of the total Thai burden of MI/stroke. This palm cooking oil replacement would reduce consumption shares of saturated/monounsaturated fatty acids in Thai household consumption by 6.5%/3% and increase polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption shares by 14%, yielding a 1.74% decrease in the population-wide total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio after 20 years. The macroeconomic burden that would be removed is US$308mn, approximately 0.44% of the total burden of MI/stroke on Thailand’s economy or 0.003% of cumulative 20-year GDP. Bangkok and Central region households benefit most from removal of disease burdens. // CONCLUSIONS: Simulations indicate that consumption of palm cooking oil, rather than other dietary oils, imposes a negative health burden (MI and stroke) and associated economic burden on a high consuming country, such as Thailand. Integrated sectoral model frameworks to assess these burdens are possible, and burden estimates from our simulated direct replacement of palm cooking oil indicate that using these frameworks both for broader analyses of dietary palm oil use and total burden analyses of other diseases may also be beneficial

Tourism in protected and conserved areas amid the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a global impact on the tourism sector. With tourism numbers dramatically reduced, millions of jobs could be lost, and progress made in equality and sustainable economic growth could be rolled back. Widespread reports of dramatic changes to protected and conserved1 area visitation have negative consequences for conservation finances, tourism businesses and the livelihoods of people who supply labour, goods and services to tourists and tourism businesses. This paper aims to share experiences from around the world on the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on protected area tourism; and considers how to build resilience within protected area tourism as a regenerative conservation tool

A study on in-line tablet coatingthe influence of compaction and coating on tablet dimensional changes

10.1208/s12249-012-9799-yAAPS PharmSciTech133785-79

A feasibility study on pellet coating using a high-speed quasi-continuous coater

10.1208/s12249-012-9852-xAAPS PharmSciTech1341276-128