Le jeu "soignant" en pédiatrie face aux douleurs iatrogènes: travail de Bachelor

Thème : Les enfants suivis en soins palliatifs pour des maladies chroniques font face à une multitude de soins, dont ils témoignent que les plus douloureux sont ceux employant une aiguille. L’objectif de cette revue de littérature est d’évaluer les bénéfices de l’utilisation de la distraction par le jeu chez l’enfant dans la prise en charge des douleurs iatrogènes induites par l’utilisation de matériel effractif nécessitant une aiguille. Contenus : La recherche documentaire s’est appuyée sur les bases de données PubMed et CINAHL, ainsi que sur le site de Pediadol. Les mots-clés utilisés ont été : enfant, aiguille, douleur, distraction et jeu : sept articles ont été identifiés et retenus. Ces derniers incluent des enfants de 0 à 19 ans ayant reçu un soin utilisant une aiguille (prise de sang, vaccination, …), et pour lesquels une autoévaluation de la douleur a été mesurée. Discussion : L’utilisation d’une distraction est efficace pour diminuer la douleur ressentie par l’enfant lors de soins effractifs utilisant une aiguille. La distraction par le jeu n’a pas été évaluée de manière spécifique, il faisait partie des distractions proposées. Pour une prise en charge efficace de la douleur chez l’enfant, les infirmiers-infirmières doivent considérer le stade de développement de l’enfant afin d’utiliser un outil d’évaluation de la douleur fiable et proposer une distraction adaptée. Il est primordial d’impliquer activement les enfants et leurs parents dans le processus de soins, et d’évaluer leur anxiété avant le soin afin de trouver ensemble la stratégie optimisant la qualité de vie

Soft Nanostructured Films with an Ultra-Low Volume Fraction of Percolating Hard Phase

International audienceIn this study, aqueous emulsion polymerization of n-butyl acrylate is performed in batch conditions without surfactants using a poly(acrylic acid)-trithiocarbonate macro-RAFT agent to control the polymerization and to stabilize the emulsion. According to the polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) approach, well-defined amphiphilic PAA-b-PBA diblock copolymers form and self-assemble during synthesis to yield highly stable core-shell particles with an extremely thin hard PAA shell. For the first time, we report here the specific properties of films obtained from these particular latexes. After drying the aqueous dispersion, tough and transparent films are obtained. Although the films are not chemically cross-linked, they do not dissolve in good solvents for PBA. Moreover, they remain transparent even after immersion in water. Rheology shows that the films are both stiff and ductile, thanks to the nanostructured but very low volume fraction (less than 3 wt%) of PAA forming a percolating network in the soft PBA. Compared with conventional core-shell-based films, this approach affords for the first time a route to a thin percolating honeycomb nanostructure with a sharp and strong interface between the two phases. The versatility of the synthetic procedure opens perspectives for a large range of functional materials

Rheology, rupture, reinforcement and reversibility: Computational approaches for dynamic network materials

The development of high-performance polymeric materials typically involves a trade-off between desirable properties such as processability, recyclability, durability, and strength. Two common strategies in this regard are composites and reversibly cross-linked materials. Making optimal choices in the vast design spaces of these polymeric materials requires a solid understanding of the molecular-scale mechanisms that determine the relation between their structure and their mechanical properties. Over the past few years, a wide range of computational techniques has been developed and employed to model these mechanisms and build this understanding. Focusing on approaches rooted in molecular dynamics, we present and discuss these techniques, and demonstrate their use in several physical models of novel polymer-based materials, including nanocomposites, toughened gels, double network elastomers, vitrimers, and reversibly cross-linked semiflexible biopolymers

RGS2 modulates coupling between GABAB receptors and GIRK channels in dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area

Agonists of GABA(B) receptors exert a bi-directional effect on the activity of dopamine (DA) neurons of the ventral tegmental area, which can be explained by the fact that coupling between GABA(B) receptors and G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels is significantly weaker in DA neurons than in GABA neurons. Thus, low concentrations of agonists preferentially inhibit GABA neurons and thereby disinhibit DA neurons. This disinhibition might confer reinforcing properties on addictive GABA(B) receptor agonists such as gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and its derivatives. Here we show that, in DA neurons of mice, the low coupling efficiency reflects the selective expression of heteromeric GIRK2/3 channels and is dynamically modulated by a member of the regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) protein family. Moreover, repetitive exposure to GHB increases the GABA(B) receptor-GIRK channel coupling efficiency through downregulation of RGS2. Finally, oral self-administration of GHB at a concentration that is normally rewarding becomes aversive after chronic exposure. On the basis of these results, we propose a mechanism that might underlie tolerance to GHB

Composition Analysis and Viscosity Prediction of Complex Fuel Mixtures Using a Molecular-Based Approach

The automobile industry currently faces the challenge of developing a new generation of diesel motor engines that satisfy both increasingly stringent emission regulations and reduces specific fuel consumption. The performance of diesel engines, seen in terms of emissions and specific fuel consumption, generally improves with increasing fuel-injection pressure. The design of the next generation of diesel fuel injection systems requires the knowledge of the thermophysical properties, in particular viscosity, of a wide-type of diesel fuels at pressures up to 300 MPa or more. The objective of the present work is to demonstrate that it is possible to predict the viscosity of any petroleum-based diesel fuel, using, exclusively, its molar fraction distribution as provided by multidimensional gas chromatography techniques. The precise knowledge of the fuel chemical constituents allows the understanding of the influence of the different hydrocarbon families on the fluid viscosity by means of molecular dynamics simulations. The accuracy of the Anisotropic United Atom force-field was tested and was found to be in agreement with experimental viscosities obtained with a new vibrating wire device at different temperatures and pressures up to 300 MPa. Finally, the experimental and simulated viscosities have been compared with improved group contribution method that has been coupled with gas chromatography experimental measurements for a viscosity prediction that was estimated to be of less than 18% of mean absolute deviation

L’animation comme industrie culturelle ? Concevoir et produire le dessin animé

L’animation, entendue ici dans toute la diversité de ses formats (longs et courts métrages de fiction, documentaires, publicités, etc.) et de ses techniques (celluloïd, images de synthèse, stop-motion, etc.), a longtemps été une niche scientifique, surtout en comparaison de l’intérêt exprimé pour d’autres médias ou industries culturelles. Certes, l’état de l’art s’est considérablement étoffé avec l’affirmation des « animation studies » dans le contexte anglo-saxon (Crafton, 1982 ; Pilling, 1997 ; Lamarre, 2008 ; Wells, 2012). De simple dénomination employée pour désigner certaines formations, départements d’universités ou encore cours au sein des écoles d’animation, l’expression est aujourd’hui devenue un label commode pour rassembler toutes les discussions et analyses engagées par des universitaires (et/ou certains praticiens) autour de l’animation… En savoir

Cocaine-evoked synaptic plasticity: persistence in the VTA triggers adaptations in the NAc

Addictive drugs hijack mechanisms of learning and memory that normally underlie reinforcement of natural rewards and induce synaptic plasticity of glutamatergic transmission in the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system. In the ventral tegmental area (VTA), a single exposure to cocaine efficiently triggers NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity in DA neurons, whereas plasticity in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) occurs only after repeated injections. Whether these two forms of plasticity are independent or hierarchically organized remains unknown. We combined ex vivo electrophysiology in acute brain slices with behavioral assays modeling drug relapse in mice and found that the duration of the cocaine-evoked synaptic plasticity in the VTA is gated by mGluR1. Overriding mGluR1 in vivo made the potentiation in the VTA persistent. This led to synaptic plasticity in the NAc, which contributes to cocaine-seeking behavior after protracted withdrawal. Impaired mGluR1 function in vulnerable individuals could represent a first step in the recruitment of the neuronal network that underlies drug addiction