Long-term balancing selection at the Phosphorus Starvation Tolerance 1 (PSTOL1) locus in wild, domesticated and weedy rice (Oryza)

Dry Shoot Weights of PSTOL1 genotypes grown in low and high phosphorus conditions. Plants were measured after 21 days in high phosphorus (black) and low phosphorus (grey) media. (PDF 72 kb

Hubungan Kandidiasis Intertriginosa dan Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 di Poliklinik Kulit dan Kelamin RSUD Dokter Soedarso Pontianak pada Tahun 2012

Background. Intertriginous candidiasis is a type of cutaneous candidiasiswhich is located at the axila, inguinal, intergluteal, inframammary,interdigitalis, glands penis, and umbilicus. One of the risk factors ofintertriginous candidiasis patient is people with diabetes mellitus (DM).The increase of glucose concentration makes more susceptible frominfection. Objective. Define the association between intertriginouscandidiasis and DM type 2. Method. This research was a case controlstudy which took place in Dermatovenereology Outpatient Clinic RSUD dr.Soedarso from June until November 2013. The minimum sample for thisresearch was 126 people and divided into two groups. The case groupconsisted of 63 people and the control group consisted of 63 people. Thesubjects were selected by using consecutive sampling and analyzed bychi-square test. Result. There was an association between intertriginouscandidiasis with DM type 2 (p= 0,01). Odds Ratio (OR) value of thisresearch was 2,621 (IK 95% : 1,246 5,516). Conclusion. Intertriginouscandidiasis is associated with DM type 2 and people with DM type 2 havea possibility of 2,621 times higher risk of acquiring intertriginouscandidiasis than people without diabetes mellitus

Sexual dimorphism in excess power index of four North American native bees (Hymenoptera, Andrenidae, Apidae, and Halictidae)

A multitude of hymenopteran species exhibit sexual dimorphism for simple traits, such as color, size, or antennal segment number. These differences can reflect selection for specialized biological roles, many of which have not been documented for the majority of bee and wasp species. The excess power index (EPI) is an estimate of insect flight performance that is inferred by the combination of several morphological characteristics. We compared the female and male EPIs in four species of native bees: Agapostemon virescens Fabricius, Andrena carlini Cockerell, Melissodes bimaculata Lepeletier and Xylocopa virginica L.. While females of each species had a significantly larger whole body mass, males had a significantly larger EPI. A larger body mass for females is associated with egg laying abilities and foraging behavior. Male fitness may be dependent on EPI; males that have greater flight capacity can travel further or remain in flight for longer time periods in search of mates

Data from: The role of Bh4 in parallel evolution of hull color in domesticated and weedy rice

The two independent domestication events in the genus Oryza that led to African and Asian rice offer an extremely useful system for studying the genetic basis of parallel evolution. This system is also characterized by parallel de-domestication events, with two genetically distinct weedy rice biotypes in the US derived from the Asian domesticate. One important trait that has been altered by rice domestication and de-domestication is hull colour. The wild progenitors of the two cultivated rice species have predominantly black-coloured hulls, as does one of the two U.S. weed biotypes; both cultivated species and one of the US weedy biotypes are characterized by straw-coloured hulls. Using Black hull 4 (Bh4) as a hull colour candidate gene, we examined DNA sequence variation at this locus to study the parallel evolution of hull colour variation in the domesticated and weedy rice system. We find that independent Bh4-coding mutations have arisen in African and Asian rice that are correlated with the straw hull phenotype, suggesting that the same gene is responsible for parallel trait evolution. For the U.S. weeds, Bh4 haplotype sequences support current hypotheses on the phylogenetic relationship between the two biotypes and domesticated Asian rice; straw hull weeds are most similar to indica crops, and black hull weeds are most similar to aus crops. Tests for selection indicate that Asian crops and straw hull weeds deviate from neutrality at this gene, suggesting possible selection on Bh4 during both rice domestication and de-domestication

Signatures of Demography and Recombination at Coding Genes in Naturally-Distributed Populations of <em>Arabidopsis Lyrata</em> Subsp. <em>Petraea</em>

<div><p>Demography impacts the observed standing level of genetic diversity present in populations. Distinguishing the relative impacts of demography from selection requires a baseline of expressed gene variation in naturally occurring populations. Six nuclear genes were sequenced to estimate the patterns and levels of genetic diversity in natural <i>Arabidopsis lyrata</i> subsp. <i>petraea</i> populations that differ in demographic histories since the Pleistocene. As expected, northern European populations have genetic signatures of a strong population bottleneck likely due to glaciation during the Pleistocene. Levels of diversity in the northern populations are about half of that in central European populations. Bayesian estimates of historical population size changes indicate that central European populations also have signatures of population size change since the last glacial maxima, suggesting that these populations are not as stable as previously thought. Time since divergence amongst northern European populations is higher than amongst central European populations, suggesting that the northern European populations were established before the Pleistocene and survived glaciation in small separated refugia. Estimates of demography based on expressed genes are complementary to estimates based on microsatellites and transposable elements, elucidating temporal shifts in population dynamics and confirming the importance of marker selection for tests of demography.</p> </div

Pairwise inferred population histories from IMa and Arlequin.

*<p>Point estimates from IMa are reported from data compiled from three separate runs. HPD-90 s are given in parentheses.</p>‡<p>Average of the estimates across all 6 loci from Arlequin.</p><p>The numbers of sites that were significant for Ф_ST (first) and for the exact tests of differentiation (second) are given in parentheses.</p

IMa results for inferred population histories.

<p>The current estimated effective population sizes are relative to the width of the box for each population. Times since divergence (in millions of years before present) are indicated by lines connecting boxes. The full black lines indicate the most recent divergence time for each population, while the dotted grey lines indicated less recent divergence times. Insert: Relative migration rates are indicated by the size of arrows. For simplicity only migration rates for the most recent divergence times for each population were included.</p

Map of <i>Arabidopsis lyrata</i> subsp. <i>petraea</i> sampling in Europe.

<p>The number of sampled individuals from each population is in parentheses. Exact locations for each of the samples are as follows: Skutustasir (65°34′N, 17°08′W), Sjonaripa (64°02′N, 16°56′W), Spiterstulen (61°38′N, 8°24′E), Stolberg (51°30 N, 10°56′E), Plech (49°38′N, 11°31′E), Neutras (49°32′N, 11°33′E), Haselbrunn (49°47′N, 11°25′E), and Schaerftal (47°55′N, 15°59′E).</p

Population structure as inferred from the best fit number of groupings in STRUCTURE.

<p>Best fit model had K = 6 populations. Each color represents population assignment inferred from best fit STRUCTURE output. Individuals are shown as a separate line in the box of the population in which they were collected as labeled on top.</p

Recombination rate by population.

<p>Recombination events/10 bp is the number of recombination events counted for each gene (from the 4 gamete test) divided by the length of the gene in basepairs and multiplied by 10. These are averaged across all 6 loci. Average 4 N<i>_C</i>/bp across 6 loci is shown by the bar. The dots indicate estimates for each locus.</p