Z historii wymowy wyrazu hala ‘pastwisko górskie’

Polish word hala “mountain pasture” is generally derived from the Slovak hol’a, and this borrowing, combined with the introduction of pseudo-correct a, was supposed to be credited to Romantic literature, and precisely was the result of etymological experiments of Seweryn Goszczyński. The present paper demonstrates that the word hala, written exclusively with a and often with ll, is a quite frequent phenomenon in the texts of Księga państwa żywieckiego (“The Book of the Żywiec State”) from the year 1681. The pronunciation hala instead of hola may have been used at that time by literate inhabitants of the Beskidy Mountains, familiar with the standard of the literary language, although rather poorly, thus inclined to adjust to the tendency of hypercorrectness. The German typographic influence cannot be excluded

Język piętnastowiecznej części psałterza floriańskiego. Składnia zdania pojedynczego

Zadanie pt. „Digitalizacja i udostępnienie w Cyfrowym Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego kolekcji czasopism naukowych wydawanych przez Uniwersytet Łódzki” nr 885/P-DUN/2014 zostało dofinansowane ze środków MNiSW w ramach działalności upowszechniającej nauk

O rzadkich średniopolskich formach adresatywnych

Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00

Ekspresja podoplaniny w raku jasnokomórkowym jajnika

Abstract Introduction: Podoplanin is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed in endothelial lymphatic cells. It was proven to be a predictive marker in a variety of cancers e.g. mesothelioma and head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma. Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) is a rare and unique histopathologic subtype of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). The molecular basis of that phenomenon remains unknown. Objectives: The aim of our study was to assess podoplanin expression on the protein level in OCCC. Material and Methods: Immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin-embedded tissues from 19 patients with diagnosed OCCC. Results: Podoplanin expression was present (moderate or strong) in 52% of OCCC cases (10/19). Nine of eleven (81,2%) postmenopausal and one of eight (12,5%) premenopausal women were podoplanin positive. No differences in podoplanin expression were found in relation to clinical features of the tumor. Conclusion: The incidence of podoplanin expression is higher in ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma in postmenopausal patients.Streszczenie Wstęp: Podoplanina jest przezbłonową glikoproteiną występującą w komórkach śródbłonka naczyń limfatycznych. Swoje zastosowanie jako marker predykcyjny znalazła w diagnostyce międzybłoniaka czy też w raku głowy i szyi. Jasnokomórkowy rak jajnika (OCCC) jest rzadko występującym i odmiennym histopatologicznym podtypem nabłonkowego raka jajnika. Molekularne podłoże tego zjawiska nadal nie jest znane. Cel: Celem badań była ocena ekspresji podoplaniny na poziomie białka w jasnokomórkowym raku jajnika. Materiał i metody: Ekspresję podoplaniny oceniono metodą immunohistochemiczną z zastosowaniem techniki macierzy tkankowych (TMA) u 19 pacjentek z OCCC. Wyniki: Ekspresja podoplaniny była obecna (średnia lub wysoka) w 52% przypadków OCCC (10/19). Jej ekspresję wykazano u jednej Spośród ośmiu pacjentek przed menopauzą (12,5%) i u 9 spośród 11 (81,2%) po menopauzie. Nie wykryto różnic w ekspresji podoplaniny w odniesieniu do cech klinicznych nowotworu. Wnioski: Częsta ekspresja podoplaniny jest charakterystyczna dla kobiet po menopauzie ze zdiagnozowanym rakiem jasnokomórkowym jajnika

Deacetylation of transcription factors in carcinogenesis

Reversible Nε-lysine acetylation/deacetylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications (PTM) of histones and non-histone proteins that is regulated by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). This epigenetic process is highly involved in carcinogenesis, affecting histone and non-histone proteins’ properties and their biological functions. Some of the transcription factors, including tumor suppressors and oncoproteins, undergo this modification altering different cell signaling pathways. HDACs deacetylate their targets, which leads to either the upregulation or downregulation of proteins involved in the regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis, ultimately influencing tumor growth, invasion, and drug resistance. Therefore, epigenetic modifications are of great clinical importance and may constitute a new therapeutic target in cancer treatment. This review is aimed to present the significance of HDACs in carcinogenesis through their influence on functions of transcription factors, and therefore regulation of different signaling pathways, cancer progression, and metastasis.</p

The 3020insC Allele of NOD2 Predisposes to Cancers of Multiple Organs

The NOD2 gene has been associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease and individuals with Crohn's disease are at increased risk for cancer at a number of organ sites. We studied the association between the 3020insC allele of the NOD2 gene and cancer among 2604 cancer patients and 1910 controls from Poland. Patients were diagnosed with one of twelve types of cancer in the Szczecin region between 1994 and 2004. Significant associations were found for colon cancer (OR = 1.8; 95% CI 1.2 to 2.6), for lung cancer (OR = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.1 to 2.5) and for ovarian cancer (OR = 1.6; 95% CI 1.1 to 2.3). In addition, a significant association was found for early-onset laryngeal cancer (OR = 2.9; 95% CI 1.4 to 6.2) and for breast cancer in the presence of DCIS (OR = 2.1 95% CI = 1.2 to 3.6). The NOD2 3020insC allele is relatively common (in Poland 7.3% of individuals) and may be responsible for an important fraction of cancer cases. We estimate that the lifetime cancer risk among carriers of this allele is 30% higher than that of individuals with two wild-type alleles

Multiple novel prostate cancer susceptibility signals identified by fine-mapping of known risk loci among Europeans

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous common prostate cancer (PrCa) susceptibility loci. We have fine-mapped 64 GWAS regions known at the conclusion of the iCOGS study using large-scale genotyping and imputation in 25 723 PrCa cases and 26 274 controls of European ancestry. We detected evidence for multiple independent signals at 16 regions, 12 of which contained additional newly identified significant associations. A single signal comprising a spectrum of correlated variation was observed at 39 regions; 35 of which are now described by a novel more significantly associated lead SNP, while the originally reported variant remained as the lead SNP only in 4 regions. We also confirmed two association signals in Europeans that had been previously reported only in East-Asian GWAS. Based on statistical evidence and linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure, we have curated and narrowed down the list of the most likely candidate causal variants for each region. Functional annotation using data from ENCODE filtered for PrCa cell lines and eQTL analysis demonstrated significant enrichment for overlap with bio-features within this set. By incorporating the novel risk variants identified here alongside the refined data for existing association signals, we estimate that these loci now explain ∼38.9% of the familial relative risk of PrCa, an 8.9% improvement over the previously reported GWAS tag SNPs. This suggests that a significant fraction of the heritability of PrCa may have been hidden during the discovery phase of GWAS, in particular due to the presence of multiple independent signals within the same regio

On the language taboo in Trylogia (The Trilogy) by Henryk Sienkiewicz

The taboo was identifi ed in the content plan and in the expression plan applicable in the 19th century and in the described period, i.e. in the 17th c. Emphasis was put on the linguistic exponents of the examined phenomenon. It was stated that Sienkiewicz did not care about a pedantic faithfulness to the language and custom of the described period. He selected such a manner of expression as was comprehensible to Polish readers and at the same time hidden from the Russian censorship. The major scopes of the language taboo is the Polish-Russian war and human sexual behaviours. The methods of disguising political contents are persistently repeated, probably in order to draw the reader’s attention. Camoufl aging the Muscovy invasion consists in blending Russia, named with the use of euphemisms, with the background of nationalities which are similar to Russians in some respects, in pars pro toto metonymy, in a metaphor of fl ood and/or fi re that blurs facts, and in periphrases. There is h ardly any periphrasis and manner of concealment in the presentation of eroticism, metaphors derive their vocabulary from various fi elds and various stylistic genres, the metonymy of the effect of an action instead of the action is used frequently