An Investigation of Diagnostic Accuracy and Confidence Associated with Diagnostic Checklists as Well as Gender Biases in Relation to Mental Disorders

This study examines the utility of checklists in attaining more accurate diagnoses in the context of diagnostic decision-making for mental disorders. The study also aimed to replicate results from a meta-analysis indicating that there is no association between patients’ gender and misdiagnoses. To this end, 475 psychotherapists were asked to judge three case vignettes describing patients with Major Depressive Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Borderline Personality Disorder. Therapists were randomly assigned to experimental conditions in a 2 (diagnostic method: with using diagnostic checklists vs. without using diagnostic checklists) x 2 (gender: male vs. female case vignettes) between-subjects design. Multinomial logistic and linear regression analyses were used to examine the association between the usage of diagnostic checklists as well as patients’ gender and diagnostic decisions.The results showed that when checklists were used, fewer incorrect co-morbid diagnoses were made, but clinicians were less likely to diagnose MDD even when the criteria were met. Additionally, checklists improved therapists’ confidence with diagnostic decisions, but were not associated with estimations of patients’ characteristics. As expected, there were no significant associations between gender and diagnostic decisions

Mini-DIPS Open Access:

Die 2. Auflage des Mini-DIPS Open Access: Diagnostisches Kurzinterview bei psychischen Störungen bietet als Kurzfassung des DIPS Open Access eine schnelle und dennoch zuverlässige diagnostische Beurteilung psychischer Störungen nach DSM-5 und ICD-10. Das Mini-DIPS Open Access gibt einen Überblick über die allgemeine Belastung der untersuchten Personen und ermöglicht die Dokumentation wichtiger anamnestischer Informationen für Praxis und Forschung. Neben dem Interviewleitfaden liefert das Kurzinterview zu allen aufgeführten psychischen Störungen ergänzende Informationen und Diagnose-Checklisten, die auf den Kriterien des DSM-5 basieren. Damit kann das Mini-DIPS Open Access eingesetzt werden, um diagnostische Informationen für Anträge auf Psychotherapie oder Forschungsfragestellungen zeitökonomisch zu ermitteln. Schlagworte: Diagnostisches Interview; Mini-DIPS; Diagnostik; Psychische Störungen; DSM-5; ICD-10 Bitte zitieren Sie für das Verfahren die beiden folgenden Angaben: Margraf, Cwik, Pflug &Schneider (2017). Structured clinical interviews for mental disorders across the lifespan: Psychometric quality and further developments of the DIPS Open Access interviews. [Strukturierte klinische Interviews zur Erfassung psychischer Störungen über die Lebensspanne: Gütekriterien und Weiterentwicklungen der DIPS-Verfahren.] Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 46(3),. Margraf, J. & Cwik, J. C. (2017). Mini-DIPS Open Access: Diagnostisches Kurzinterview bei psychischen Störungen. Bochum: Forschungs- und Behandlungszentrum für psychische Gesundheit, Ruhr-Universität Bochum. Doi: 10.13154/rub.102.91 Mini-DIPS Open Access: Diagnostisches Kurzinterview bei psychischen Störungen von Margraf, J. & Cwik, J. C. ist lizenziert unter einer Creative Commons Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International Lizenz

DIPS Open Access:

Für diese Publikation liegt eine aktuelle Version vor. Diese finden Sie hier: https://doi.org/10.46586/rub.172.149 Mit dem DIPS Open Access: Diagnostisches Interview bei psychischen Störungen liegt das etablierte diagnostische Interview in seiner fünften Auflage vor und steht nun für Praxis und Forschung frei zur Verfügung. Mithilfe des DIPS Open Access können Diagnosen psychischer Störungen nach DSM-5 und ICD-10 zuverlässig gestellt werden. Zudem können wichtige Informationen für die Planung und Durchführung psychotherapeutischer Interventionen strukturiert ermittelt werden.  Der Interviewleitfaden des DIPS Open Access leitet Interviewerinnen und Interviewer durch das diagnostische Gespräch. Im Anschluss an den Interviewleitfaden bietet das DIPS Open Access die Möglichkeit einer umfassenden Dokumentation der allgemeinen Anamnese sowie der sozialen Beurteilung. Der ebenfalls enthaltene Protokollbogen ermöglicht schließlich die übersichtliche Dokumentation der erhobenen Symptomatik sowie eine detaillierte Zuordnung zu DSM-5-Kriterien. Schlagworte: Diagnostisches Interview; DIPS; Diagnostik; Psychische Störungen; DSM-5; ICD-10 Bitte zitieren Sie für das Verfahren die beiden folgenden Angaben: Margraf, Cwik, Pflug &Schneider (2017). Structured clinical interviews for mental disorders across the lifespan: Psychometric quality and further developments of the DIPS Open Access interviews. [Strukturierte klinische Interviews zur Erfassung psychischer Störungen über die Lebensspanne: Gütekriterien und Weiterentwicklungen der DIPS-Verfahren.] Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 46(3),. Margraf, J., Cwik, J. C., Suppiger, A. & Schneider, S. (2017). DIPS Open Access: Diagnostic Interview for Mental Disorders. [DIPS Open Access: Diagnostisches Interview bei psychischen Störungen.] Bochum: Mental Health Research and Treament Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum. Doi: 10.13154/rub.100.89. DIPS Open Access: Diagnostisches Interview bei psychischen Störungen von Margraf, J., Cwik, J. C., Suppiger, A., & Schneider, S. ist lizenziert unter einer Creative Commons Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International Lizenz

Effects of appraisal training on responses to a distressing autobiographical event

Dysfunctional appraisals are a key factor suggested to be involved in the development and maintenance of PTSD. Research has shown that experimental induction of a positive or negative appraisal style following a laboratory stressor affects analogue posttraumatic stress symptoms. This supports a causal role of appraisal in the development of traumatic stress symptoms and the therapeutic promise of modifying appraisals to reduce PTSD symptoms. The present study aimed to extend previous findings by investigating the effects of experimentally induced appraisals on reactions to a naturally occurring analogue trauma and by examining effects on both explicit and implicit appraisals. Participants who had experienced a distressing life event were asked to imagine themselves in the most distressing moment of that event and then received either a positive or negative Cognitive Bias Modification training targeting appraisals (CBM-App). The CBM-App training induced training-congruent appraisals, but group differences in changes in appraisal over training were only seen for explicit and not implicit appraisals. However, participants trained positively reported less intrusion distress over the subsequent week than those trained negatively, and lower levels of overall posttraumatic stress symptoms. These data support the causal relationship between appraisals and trauma distress, and further illuminate the mechanisms linking the two

Self-reported emotion regulation difficulties are associated with mood but not with the biological stress response to thin ideal exposure

BACKGROUND:Difficulties in emotion regulation have been related to psychological and physiological stress responses such as lower mood and lower parasympathetic activation (HF-HRV) under resting condition, but evidence on the potential link to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning and to physiological stress responses during a stress task is still scarce. The aim of the study was to investigate stress responses in young women when confronted to a daily stressor such as exposure to thin ideals and to understand the role of correlates of self-reported trait-like emotion regulation difficulties (ERD). METHODS:Heart rate variability (HRV) and salivary cortisol data were collected in a sample of 273 young women aged 18-35 with and without mental disorders during a vivid imagination of thin ideals (experimental condition) or landscapes (control condition). Changes in mood states were measured on a visual analogue scale (0-100). Correlates of trait-like ERD were self-reported using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). RESULTS:Participants with higher ERD showed a stronger decline in self-reported mood after vivid imagination of thin ideals compared to participants with lower ERD in the experimental condition but also a stronger increase of positive mood with increasing ERD in the control condition. ERD were not related to baseline HF-HRV or baseline salivary cortisol levels nor to any physiological response during and after the imagination of thin ideals. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:The results corroborate the role of ERD regarding the immediate psychological impact of daily stressors. Exposition to daily stressors in the laboratory results in discrepant psychological and physiological reactivity. Future studies should investigate under what conditions the complex interrelations between immediate and long-term ERD and biological activation are amenable to assessment in a laboratory setting. The additive effects of multiple exposition to stressors, such as thin ideals in daily life, also need to be addressed

Rozdíly ve vnímání stresu u českých a zahraničních studentů

This thesis deals with the differences in the perception of stress in Czech and foreign students. Generally characterizes stress, its symptoms and types. The thesis deals with the size of stress load, especially the measurement itself. Another section deals with stressors, especially their impact on health and psyche of people. Then is mentioned how to cope with stress and how to prevent it

Data-dependent bandwidth choice for a grade density kernel estimate

The method of choosing a smoothing parameter for a grade density kernel estimate g is proposed. It consists in estimating the minimizer of the asymptotic MISE for two main terms in the expansion of g. The behaviour of the estimates incorporating proposed bandwidths is investigated in the variety of parametric models and compared with that of estimates using bandwidths suitable for the complete observability case. They are shown to perform well for unimodal densities and moderately well for multimodal ones.Data-dependent bandwidth grade density mean integrated square error