Sensitivity towards DMI fungicides and haplotypic diversity of their CYP51 target in the Mycosphaerella graminicola population of Flanders

Septoria leaf blotch, caused by the fungus Mycosphaerella graminicola, is the most important wheat disease in Northwestern Europe, and is currently controlled by fungicide applications. Since the spread of resistance to methyl benzimidazole carbamates (MBCs) and quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs) in European countries, reliable control is mainly dependent upon sterol 14 alpha-demethylation inhibitors (DMIs). In the last decades however, a slow shift towards reduced sensitivity of M. graminicola to DMIs has been observed. This shift is caused mainly by mutations in the CYP51 gene encoding the 14 alpha-demethylase target protein for these fungicides. In this work, M. graminicola isolates were sampled at fields spread over Flanders, Belgium. In vitro assays were used to analyze the sensitivity of the Flemish M. graminicola population towards different DMIs. Sequencing of the CYP51 gene of these isolates allowed us to identify and map the haplotypes in this population. The results showed that there is a large variability in DMI sensitivity between the isolates, even within one field, which is reflected in a high diversity in CYP51 haplotypes within the M. graminicola population in Flanders. Next to some haplotypes that were not described in literature before, we found that the population is dominated by CYP51 haplotypes which were previously associated with increased resistance towards DMIs

Valuing Data: How to Use It in Your Grant-Making

Valuing data: How to use it in your grant-making |There are over 10,000 charitable foundations in the UK. Between them, they generate a vast amount of data. But this data has not traditionally been seen as a resource in the same way that money has been, and this is a missed opportunity. This report outlines how grant-makers can use data at both an individual and a collective level to improve their funding practice

Endoscopic Imaging in Barrett's Oesophagus: Applications in Routine Clinical Practice and Future Outlook

The practice for endoscopic surveillance of Barrett's oesophagus has evolved from "blind" or random 4 quadrant biopsies (Seattle protocol) to a more "intelligent" targeted biopsy approach. This evolution has been possible due to the rapid advances in endoscopic imaging technology and expertise in the last decade. Previous endoscopes had relatively poor image resolution that often did not allow the subtle mucosal changes associated with dysplastic Barrett's mucosa to be identified. Newer endoscopic imaging techniques available today may allow endoscopists to identify areas of dysplasia or malignancy and target biopsies accordingly. These modalities which include narrow band imaging, chromoendoscopy, autofluorescence imaging, and confocal endomicroscopy as well as a few novel imaging modalities on the horizon will be discussed further

Beyond Depoliticized Citizenship Education. Conceptualizing Political Citizenship Education in Citizenship Education Theory

This study aims to contribute to the development of a comprehensive conception of political citizenship education. Through a conceptual review the work of scholars who have written extensively about the dangers of apolitical citizenship education and/or the need for political citizenship education are examined. In particular, it analyzed notions of politics and citizenship and conceptions of depoliticized and political citizenship education from which key characteristics of political citizenship education are derived. The political theories of Rancière, Mouffe and Castoriadis were taken into account, for they have influenced several of the authors’ conceptions of political citizenship education. Analysis of the literature led to the distinction of three subgroups in the data based similar underlying theoretical notions: subjectification, political creation and social justice. Based on the analysis the following key characteristics of political citizenship education have been discerned. Political citizenship education fosters citizens who understand citizenship as a contested concept; are inclined to question relations of power; are sensitive to possibilities for (political) change; can identify with collectives or with issues of a common concern; are capable of engaging in conflict; see themselves as (equal) political subjects; understand that institutions are created by people and can thus be reimagined and recreated; and are oriented toward social justice

Barrett's esophagus: endoscopic diagnosis

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/87018/1/j.1749-6632.2011.06045.x.pd

Excavation and Survey in the Jabbul Plain, Western Syria: The Umm el-Marra Project 1996-1997

The 1996 and 1997 seasons of the Hopkins-Amsterdam project in the Jabbul plain, western Syria, have generated new results on Bronze Age urbanism at Tell Umm el- Marra and elucidated longer-term settlement patterns in the Jabbul region. Excavation results have documented the foundation of Umm el-Marra as a regional center in the Early Bronze Age, provided new data on a period of decentralization in Middle Bronze I, and supplied evidence of the regeneration of urbanism in MB II. Faunal and archaeobotanical analysis broaden our understanding of these developments, attesting to an economy overwhelmingly dependent on the steppe environment, with an emphasis on large-scale onager hunting in MB II. Finally, a regional survey provides data on long-term demographic and socioeconomic trends, furnishing an expansive time range and spatial context for our under- standing of developmental patterns in the region. The survey results supply new information on the limits of the Uruk expansion, cycles of Bronze Age urbanization, changing patterns of steppe exploitation, and demo- graphic and agricultural extensification in the Byzantine and Early Islamic periods

Note de vision pour l'avenir de la médecine du travail en Belgique

Deze visienota is tot stand gekomen in verschillende werkgroepen waarin alle Belgische officiële verenigingen binnen de arbeidsgeneeskunde vertegenwoordigd waren. De standpunten die het duidelijkst naar voren gekomen zijn, zijn dat de arbeidsgeneeskunde er voor iedereen moet zijn en dat er meer aandacht moet kunnen worden besteed aan de problemen en noden van de werknemers en werkgevers. Andere thema’s zijn de re-integratie van werknemers, globale forfaitaire financiering binnen de huidige begrotingsenveloppe, de gezondheidspromotie in de werkomgeving, de verhoogde inzet van verpleegkundigen, een goede opleiding en evidence-based werken. De arbeidsgeneesheer is een specialist die zijn steentje wil bijdragen aan preventie en het oplossen van de problemen en behoeften waarmee de werknemers en ondernemingen worden geconfronteerd. De betrokkenheid van de geneesheer en het hele plaatje is hierbij belangrijk, dus niet enkel de gezondheidsbeoordeling. De arbeidsgeneesheer moet dus situationeel kunnen (re)ageren. In die zin zal de financiering ook moeten worden aangepast. Deze nota is geen eindpunt, maar we beschouwen hem als een beginpunt om met de verschillende partners actief over preventie en bescherming op het werk te spreken