Conceito de Autoridade Marítima para Portugal

Na actualidade, a exigência de segurança nos espaços marítimos, ligada fundamentalmente ao princípio da preservação e protecção do meio marinho, apresenta-se como uma das grandes prioridades da comunidade internacional, tendo mesmo, nas águas jurisdicionais, vindo a sobrepor-se ao princípio imemorável da liberdade dos mares. Paralelamente, os acontecimentos terroristas de 11 de Setembro de 2001 precipitaram a necessidade de maior protecção desses espaços, incluindo portos e instalações portuárias. O reforço da prevenção e combate às actividades ilícitas obriga os Estados costeiros a assumirem vontade política e institucional para criar mecanismos de segurança e protecção, que passam por um maior protagonismo da vigilância marítima costeira. No caso Português, o Estado exerce jurisdição sobre uma extensa área marítima, fronteira exterior da União Europeia e um dos pontos focais de tráfego mundial. Tal situação torna imperiosa a existência de uma organização coerente e eficaz que faça face aos desafios de segurança e protecção que se colocam ao transporte marítimo, até porque o tipo de ameaças, sobretudo as novas de rosto difuso, poderão encontrar, nos espaços vazios da lei ou nas indefinições dos regimes orgânicos, campo privilegiado de actuação. Este é o móbil da investigação, procurando-se avaliar, através da análise documental e bibliográfica, as vulnerabilidades existentes no Sistema de Autoridade Marítima, responsável pela resposta no plano da segurança e protecção marítima. Os resultados alcançados denotam a existência de um longo caminho a percorrer, visto que as fragilidades detectadas no campo da cooperação e coerência interdepartamental, reflectidas numa conflitualidade de competências, tornam o sistema vulnerável. A solução encontrada passa por instituir um plano de protecção dos espaços jurisdicionais que estabeleça uma ponte lógica entre o conceito de segurança (safety) e protecção (security). Isto exige a gestão integrada do exercício da autoridade no mar, com enfoque na vigilância marítima, a qual deve emanar da Autoridade Marítima Nacional. O carácter de transversalidade, interdisciplinaridade e intersectorialidade do sistema deve potenciar essa gestão integrada por via da cooperação e troca de informação. Abstract: Presently security requests within maritime spaces, mainly related with the principle of preservation and protection of the maritime environment, are one of the main priorities of the international community. At the same time, the terrorist events of 11th September 2001 rendered the protection of such maritime spaces, including ports and port facilities more urgent. The reinforcement of the prevention and fight against illegal activities obliges the coastal States to assume the political and institutional will to create mechanisms related to security and safety, which assume a greater importance in the maritime coastal vigilance. In the Portuguese case, the State has jurisdiction over an extensive maritime area, which is an external boarder of the European Union and one of the focal points of the world maritime traffic. Such situation renders imperative the existence of a coherent and efficient organizational framework, capable of facing security and safety challenges related to maritime transport. This organizational framework must take into consideration different types of threats, in particular the new and diffuse threats that may profit of the existence of legislative gaps and lack of definition within the organizational and legislative framework of entities with responsibilities in such areas. This is the purpose of the present research, in which, throughout an extensive bibliographical and documental analysis, we have tried to identify the main weaknesses and vulnerabilities of the Maritime Authority System, responsible for maritime safety and security issues. The results evidence the existence of a long path to walk, taking into account the weaknesses detected in the field of inter-department cooperation and coherence, reflected in competencies conflicts, that render the system vulnerable. The solution found relates to the institution of a protection plan of the jurisdictional spaces that establishes a logical link between the concepts of safety and security. This requires the integrated management of the exercise of authority at the sea, with special emphasis on the costal vigilance competencies that must be within the National Maritime Authority. This system being inter-sectorial and interdisciplinary must lead to an integrated management throughout cooperation and exchange of information

A dynamical point of view of Quantum Information: entropy and pressure

Quantum Information is a new area of research which has been growing rapidly since last decade. This topic is very close to potential applications to the so called Quantum Computer. In our point of view it makes sense to develop a more "dynamical point of view" of this theory. We want to consider the concepts of entropy and pressure for "stationary systems" acting on density matrices which generalize the usual ones in Ergodic Theory (in the sense of the Thermodynamic Formalism of R. Bowen, Y. Sinai and D. Ruelle). We consider the operator $\mathcal{L}$ acting on density matrices $\rho\in \mathcal{M}_N$ over a finite $N$-dimensional complex Hilbert space $\mathcal{L}(\rho):=\sum_{i=1}^k tr(W_i\rho W_i^*)V_i\rho V_i^*,$ where $W_i$ and $V_i$, $i=1,2,...k$ are operators in this Hilbert space. $\mathcal{L}$ is not a linear operator. In some sense this operator is a version of an Iterated Function System (IFS). Namely, the $V_i\,(.)\,V_i^*=:F_i(.)$, $i=1,2,...,k$, play the role of the inverse branches (acting on the configuration space of density matrices $\rho$) and the $W_i$ play the role of the weights one can consider on the IFS. We suppose that for all $\rho$ we have that $\sum_{i=1}^k tr(W_i\rho W_i^*)=1$. A family $W:=\{W_i\}_{i=1,..., k}$ determines a Quantum Iterated Function System (QIFS) $\mathcal{F}_{W}$, $\mathcal{F}_W=\{\mathcal{M}_N,F_i,W_i\}_{i=1,..., k}.

A dynamical point of view of Quantum Information: Wigner measures

We analyze a known version of the discrete Wigner function and some connections with Quantum Iterated Funcion Systems. This paper is a follow up of "A dynamical point of view of Quantum Information: entropy and pressure" by the same authors

The shading sign: is it exclusive of endometriomas?

To investigate if the shading sign is an exclusive MRI feature of endometriomas or endometrioid tumors, and to analyze its different patterns. Three hundred and fourty six women with adnexal masses who underwent 1.5/3-T MRI were included in this retrospective, board-approved study. The shading sign was found in 56 patients, but five cases were excluded due to lack of imaging follow-up or histological correlation. The final sample included 51 women. The type of tumor and the pattern of shading were recorded for each case. Thirty endometriomas and five endometrioid carcinomas were found. The remaining 16 cases corresponded to other benign and malignant tumors. The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 73%, 93%, 59%, and 96%, respectively. Restricting the analysis to cystic lesions without solid or fat component, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 73%, 96%, 94%, and 80%. Five shading patterns were identified: layering (15.7%), liquid-liquid level (11.8%), homogenous (45.1%), heterogeneous (11.8%), and focal/multifocal shading within a complex mass (19.6%). No significant correlation was found between these patterns and the type of tumor. The shading sign is not exclusive of endometriomas or endometrioid tumors. Homogenous shading was the most prevalent pattern in endometriomas and half of the cases with focal/multifocal shading within a complex mass were endometrioid carcinomas.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A Thermodynamic Formalism for density matrices in Quantum Information

We consider new concepts of entropy and pressure for stationary systems acting on density matrices which generalize the usual ones in Ergodic Theory. Part of our work is to justify why the definitions and results we describe here are natural generalizations of the classical concepts of Thermodynamic Formalism (in the sense of R. Bowen, Y. Sinai and D. Ruelle). It is well-known that the concept of density operator should replace the concept of measure for the cases in which we consider a quantum formalism. We consider the operator $\Lambda$ acting on the space of density matrices $\mathcal{M}_N$ over a finite $N$-dimensional complex Hilbert space $$\Lambda(\rho):=\sum_{i=1}^k tr(W_i\rho W_i^*)\frac{V_i\rho V_i^*}{tr(V_i\rho V_i^*)},$$ where $W_i$ and $V_i$, $i=1,2,..., k$ are linear operators in this Hilbert space. In some sense this operator is a version of an Iterated Function System (IFS). Namely, the $V_i\,(.)\,V_i^*=:F_i(.)$, $i=1,2,...,k$, play the role of the inverse branches (i.e., the dynamics on the configuration space of density matrices) and the $W_i$ play the role of the weights one can consider on the IFS. In this way a family $W:=\{W_i\}_{i=1,..., k}$ determines a Quantum Iterated Function System (QIFS). We also present some estimates related to the Holevo bound

A educação física no ensino secundário: estudo das representações e atitudes dos alunos

Actualmente, a Educação e a Educação Física (EF) atravessam profundas alterações, implicando adaptações e/ou modificações em muitos aspectos. A Educação Física escolar reconhece, no seu seio, problemas relacionados quer com a identidade, quer com a sua incapacidade de se ajustar a tendências contemporâneas. Esta incapacidade, posta em evidência em alguns estudos, manifesta-se pela observação de inúmeros alunos que percepcionam a Educação Física e os seus currículos como algo irrelevante, monótono e insuficientemente estimulante. Nas últimas décadas, tem havido um crescente interesse no estudo das atitudes dos alunos face à Educação Física, que têm como finalidade fornecer informações relevantes para os professores. O presente estudo pretende identificar as atitudes dos alunos do Ensino Secundário face à Educação Física e aos currículos estabelecidos para a disciplina. A amostra é constituída por 259 jovens de ambos os sexos, com idades compreendidas entre os 15 e os 21 anos, pertencentes aos 10º, 11º e 12º anos de escolaridade de uma Escola Secundária da Póvoa de Varzim. O instrumento de recolha de dados utilizado foi o questionário desenvolvido por Tannehill et al. (1994), que foi adaptado e validado por Brandão (2002). Os procedimentos estatísticos usados foram: análise factorial; teste t; Anova; teste do Quiquadrado e correlação de Pearson. O programa estatístico utilizado foi o SPSS versão12.0. Os principais resultados e conclusões obtidos neste estudo foram os seguintes: (1) os alunos manifestaram uma disposição favorável para com a EF; (2) a diversão nas aulas e as actividades diversificadas são os mais importantes factores de agradabilidade; (3) os alunos mostraram uma atitude desfavorável para com o escasso tempo de aula; (4) os conteúdos curriculares foram identificados pelos alunos como os factores mais determinantes de experiências positivas e negativas, nas aulas de EF; (5) os alunos consideraram a EF escolar importante na sua formação.CIFPEC/CIEC - Centro de Investigação em Estudos da Criança, UM (UI 644 e 317 da FCT

The hospitality industry: Strategic reasons to pursue, or not, a soft brand affiliation

This study of independent Portuguese hotels‘ positioning strategies regarding adopting, or not, a soft brand affiliation seeks to determine what motivates this choice. Surveyed hotels were asked to enunciate the benefits and disadvantages associated with their strategic decision, and other difficulties experienced in their business. The results indicate that international brand awareness and the hotel owners‘ long-term goals are the core factors affecting the choice. In practice, we conclude that there isn‘t a ‗one size fits all‘ strategy. Nevertheless, affiliated hotels experience an operational advantage over non-affiliated ones stemming from the affiliating organization‘s accumulated experience in sales, distribution channels and marketing resources