Combining CV and RP data: a note on the relationship between consistency and rationality

In this paper, we show that, when combining revealed (RP) and stated (SP) data, for marginal changes in quality of environmental goods, rationality implies consistency, as the consistency conditions coincide with a subset of the conditions for rationality.combined (RP and SP) individual data; rationality; data consistency

Combining Averting Behavior and Contingent Valuation Data: An Application to Drinking Water Treatment

This paper is an empirical application that combines averting behavior with contingent valuation data. Consistency tests are performed incorporating alternative heteroscedastic structures in the bivariate probit models by taking advantage of the different information content that characterizes each data source. We look at three covariates not yet examined in the literature when combining stated and revealed preferred data to explain the variance in the models: income, the bid in the contingent valuation questionnaire, and the distance between the bid and the averting expenditures with drinking water. The models estimated include between and within data sources heteroscedasticity. The results obtained allow the combination of the two data sources under a common preference structure.averting behavior, combination of data sets, consistency tests, contingent valuation, revealed preferred data

On the viability of dc homes: an economic perspective from domestic electrical appliances

The past few years witnessed a growing acclaim for dc power systems, which is mainly justified by the increasing use of energy storage systems and renewable energy sources based mainly on solar photovoltaic technologies. However, there is also a motivation from the point of view of domestic electrical appliances. Since the vast majority of these appliances is comprised by an ac-dc converter, it can be convenient to shift the domestic power supply from ac to dc. In this context, this paper presents an economic assessment of dc homes from the energy consumption perspective and its comparison with traditional homes supplied by ac electrical power grids. In order to perform such assessment, the main type of electronic loads is powered both by ac voltage and by dc voltage, comparing the efficiency and estimated energy cost for each case. The removal of the ac-dc converter present in these loads is also analyzed and compared with the two previously referred cases, supporting the supply of dc power to this type of loads. The analysis is performed by means of experimental results obtained with a laboratorial setup, aiming to validate the feasibility of dc homes under realistic operating conditions of the loads.This work has been supported by FCT - Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia within the Project Scope: UID/CEC/00319/2019. This work has been supported by FCT within the Project Scope DAIPESEV -Development of Advanced Integrated Power Electronic Systems for Electric Vehicles: PTDC/EEI-EEE/30382/2017. This work is part of the FCT project 0302836 NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-030283. Mr. Tiago Sousa is supported by the doctoral scholarship SFRH/BD/134353/2017 granted by the Portuguese FCT agency

La primauté du droit : la situation des immigrants et des réfugiés en droit canadien au regard des Chartes et des textes internationaux

The « rule of law » which for a long time was considered as an unwritten part of the Constitution now enjoys full constitutional status. Its enshrining in the preamble of the Canadian Charter sheds considerable light on the manner in which the rights and freedoms of the Charter should be perceived. The author opens his discussion by examining the impact that the constitutionalization of the « rule of law » has had on immigrants and refugees in Canada. As the Immigration Act of 1976 confers numerous discretionary powers which could result in their abusive use, the author analyses how the Human Rights charters applicable in Canada and in Quebec can insure the legal protection of immigrants and refugees. In the second part of his study, the author discusses the principal international texts ratified by Canada which have as their purpose the protection of the rights of immigrants and refugees. As international law is not « self-enforcing » in Canada, the author shows how the internal legal community conforms to the international obligations contracted by Canada

Monitoring programmes: the fundamental component of estuaries management: how to design one?

This article focuses on the design of a conceptual framework to design and assess environmental estuarine monitoring programmes, including the networks, to detect quality status changes in coastal areas within environmental management programmes. Monitoring is a fundamental component in any management system, and in particular in sensitive areas under strong human pressures, like estuaries. These pressures will be reflected in impacts in the ecosystem and also in responses from it. A monitoring program including the network and the indicators measured, should be designed to be able to identify the i) pressures, ii) the state and effects, and iii) the responses of human action in the estuary according to casualty chains, also the monitoring performance should be measured to assess the effectiveness of the monitoring program itself. Answers to these needs are studied in this article, namely in what concerns the selection and location of the monitoring stations. To evaluate the “best” monitoring design one should first clearly identify the objectives of the network and which indicators (in the sense of important variables that reflect environmental attributes) are most appropriate for the particular situation. In this work two methods for monitoring network design will be evaluated, namely i) variance-reduction based, and ii) space-filling. These two are examples of a statistically-based method, and of a random-allocation-based method. The most appropriate objective functions are used to reflect the objectives of the monitoring. In all cases the objective function models are solved with the simulated annealing meta-heuristic algorithm, implemented by the team to solve monitoring optimisation problems. Due to the amount and quality of the information available, the Sado estuary is used as a case-study to demonstrate the results of the methods and helping in the comparative analysis.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

[1-(2,5-Dichloroanilino)-5-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]methanol

In the title compound, C10H10Cl2N4O, the hy­droxy group and benzene ring are disposed to opposite sides of the central 1,2,3-triazolyl ring. The dihedral angle between the five- and six-membered rings is 87.51 (12)°, and the C-O bond of the hy­droxy group lies almost normal to the plane of the 5-membered ring [N-C-C-O = -93.2 (2)°]. An intra­molecular amino-N-H...Cl hydrogen bond is noted. In the extended structure, supra­molecular layers in the ab plane are formed via hy­droxy-O-H...N(ring) and amine-N-H...O(hy­droxy) hydrogen bonds. The layers are connected along the c axis by [pi]-[pi] contacts between benzene rings [inter-centroid distance = 3.7789 (13) Å] and by C-Cl...[pi] inter­actions

Development and characterization of a nanomultilayer coating of pectin and chitosan : evaluation of its gas barrier properties and application on 'Tommy Atkins' mangoes

A nanomultilayer coating made of food-grade, bio-based materials (consisting of five nanolayers of pectin and chitosan) was produced. This coating was firstly characterized in terms of the water vapor, oxygen and carbon dioxide permeabilities; these parameters exhibited values of 0.019 ± 0.005 × 10−11, 0.069 ± 0.066 × 10−14 and 44.8 ± 32 × 10−14 g m/(Pa s m2), respectively, and are of the same order of magnitude of those found in other nanomultilayer systems. The nanomultilayer system was applied on whole ‘Tommy Atkins’ mangoes and the layers’ adsorption was confirmed by changes in the contact angle of the coated fruits’ skin. After 45 d of storage, uncoated mangoes presented a higher mass loss, higher total soluble solids and lower titratable acidity in comparison with coated mangoes. Uncoated mangoes had also a damaged and wrinkled appearance, showing evidence of microbial spoilage, and the flesh exhibited a slightly brownish color, in comparison with the coated mangoes. These results suggest a positive effect of the coating on gas flow reduction and on the consequent extension of the shelf-life of mangoes.The author Bartolomeu G.S. Medeiros was recipient of a scholarship from de Project Isac (Isac Mundus Cooperation, European Union) and is also a recipient of a scholarship from Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (Capes, Brazil). The author Ana C. Pinheiro is recipient of a fellowship (SFRH/BD/48120/2008) from the Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal). The present work was supported by CAPES/PROCAD/NF/1415/2007