Meeting the challenges of irregular migration in the Southern Mediterranean: The EU-Libya cooperation

The deteriorating security conditions in Libya since June 2014 has had an overwhelmingly negative impact on the general security situation of the population, and Libya has become a major transit country in the Mediterranean for refugees, asylum seekers and economic migrants en route to Europe. While the country is on the edge of collapse, forced displacement in the Southern Neighbourhood is at an all-time high, and the number of deaths in the Mediterranean sea exceeds 3,400. This policy brief is intended to draw the attention of EU policymakers to the crucial importance of this issue and offers potential short- and long-term solutions. The brief identifies the main challenges in terms of irregular migration to Europe by sea that mainly originate from Libya, and emphasizes the need for immediate action in the context of migration and asylum and the need to deeper integrate Libya into the southern dimension of the European Neighbourhood Policy in order to stabilize the country. The brief recommends increased engagement by the EU in practical cooperation, such as search and rescue operations to prevent further loss of lives in the Mediterranean. It further calls for increased EU presence in Libya to enhance the country's border management, and for implementing measures in the country to enable safe access to protection. Furthermore, the brief calls for increased EU activity in resettlement to take a higher share of the burden of managing the massive displacement of people in the Southern Neighbourhood. It further calls for concerted efforts towards deepening the cooperation with Libya for more joint actions in the long-term, to meet the significant challenges of irregular and forced migration in the Southern Neighbourhood

Herta Müller’s <i>Atemschaukel (The Hunger Angel)</i> in the Context of Twentieth-Century Forced Migration in East-Central Europe

My paper elaborates Herta Müller’s Gulag novel, Atemschaukel (2009; published in English under the title of The Hunger Angel in 2012), in the historical, political and ethical contexts of twentieth-century forced migrations by placing the novel among those exodus narratives that have unfolded the parallel history of Romanian-German and Jewish communities during and after the Second World War. Given the fact that the memory of forced migrations and of the Gulag is a “soft memory” (Etkind 2004), there are no consensual remembrance policies in any concerned East or East-Central European country regarding their history. In the absence of official ownership, the legacies of these colletive and individual traumas became predominantly text-based (rather than image- or monument-based). One must therefore study those aesthetical forms by which literature is able to encode the physical, psychological, moral, social-political conditions of any totalitarian rule—and thus, attempt to establish the perceptional and sensational frames on which the universe of the Gulag can be re-constructed. Accordingly, my paper gives an amplifying view of the tendencies by which Müller’s Atemschaukel both preserves and subtly re-orchestrates the conventions of the genre of the Gulag novel. One of the main achievements of her (politics of) aesthetics consists in re-creating the image of the labor camp through an ethically grounded conception of literary testimony, which, at the same time, gains and fulfills a mediative (mimetic) function

Gyermekkori akut lymphoid leukaemia genetikai eltéréseinek vizsgálata multicolor-FISH (M-FISH) módszer segítségével = Detection of genetic alterations of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia by multicolor-Fish (M-FISH)

2005 és 2008 között 31 új ALL-es beteg genetikai vizsgálatát végeztük el. A diagnózis felállításakor a hagyományos citogenetika mellett a prognosztikai értékű transzlokációk, t(9;22), t/del 11q23 kimutatására FISH, a t(12;21) FISH és RT-PCR módszereket alkalmaztunk. Közülük az M-FISH vizsgálat 18 mintán volt értékelhető, ebből 16 esetben kaptunk új genetikai információt. A G-sávozással észlelt specifikus transzlokációkat, t(1;19), t(9;22), t(2;8), t(8;14); t(11;14), az M-FISH analízis minden esetben megerősítette, egy kivételével valamennyi esetben további, új információt is nyújtott. Tisztáztuk a specifikus transzlokációkhoz társuló derivált kromoszómák eredetét, új transzlokácókat ismertünk fel, azonosítottuk a marker kromoszómák összetételét. A két vagy több kromoszómát érintő komplex kariotípusú esetekben tisztáztuk a szerkezetileg átrendeződött kromoszómák pontos eredetét. A magas hiperdiploid csoportba sorolt esetekben a számfeletti kromoszómák azonosítása mellett társuló, hagyományos citogenetikával nem azonosítható, valamint rejtett szerkezeti átrendeződéseket, új sejtvonalakat mutattunk ki. A prognózist kedvezőtlenül befolyásoló társuló szerkezeti kromoszóma eltérések felismerése lehetővé teszi az. ALL-es gyermekek finomabb prognosztikai besorolását, új fúziós gének felismerését és ezáltal új terápiás eljárások kidolgozását. Az M-FISH módszerrel kapott információk klinikai, prognosztikai jelentőségének megítéléséhez további esetek tanulmányozása szükséges. | We performed the cytogenetic testing of 31 acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) patients in 2005-2008. Besides traditional cytogenetic evaluation FISH was used to detect translocations of prognostic value, such as t(9;22), t/del 11q23, and t(12;21). Latter was verified with RT-PCR technique as well. M-FISH was performed in 18 samples, providing new genetic information in 16 out of them. Specific and highly important translocations [t(1;19), t(9;22), t(2;8), t(8;14); t(11;14)] revealed by traditional G-banding was verified in all positive cases using M-FISH, and in all but one we gained further information about the origin of translocation-related derived chromosomes and that of marker chromosomes, several new translocations were recognized also. M-FISH proved to be an essential diagnostic tool in the precise cytogenetic evaluation of patients presenting multiple chromosomal rearrangements, and of those with hyperdiploidy presenting extra number chromosomes, hidden rearrangements and/or new cell lines. Children with ALL might gain a refined prognostic classification and therefore receive a more efficient cytostatic therapy if their cytogenetic evaluation is based on the knowledge of structural chromosomal imbalances including new translocations and fusion genes. M-FISH is of great importance in the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of children with ALL. However, to refine data and gain further information on the clinical use of the technique, further studies are needed

Sejt- és molekuláris biológiai tulajdonságok vizsgálata gyermekkori akut lymphoblastos leukaemiában. A minimális reziduális betegség nyomonkövetése, új kezelés stratégia kialakítása = Cellular and molecular biological properties of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Assessment of minimal residual disease and development of novel therepautic strategies

A gyermekkor leggyakoribb neoplasztikus elváltozásai a rosszindulatú vérképzőszervi betegségek. Fő célunk a gyermekkori akut lymphoblastos leukaemia (ALL), az akut myeliod leukaemia (AML), valamint a myelodysplasiás szindróma (MDS) kezelési eredményeinek és a tartós életminőség javítása volt új sejt- és molekuláris biológiai diagnosztikai és terápiás eljárások bevezetésével. Elemeztük a kombinált citosztatikus ALL-BFM-95 protokollal elért kezelési eredményeket gyermekkori ALL-ben. Tanulmányoztunk új leukaemia-asszociált marker (FXIII-A) kifejeződését AML és ALL blasztokban és négyszínű immunfluoreszcens jelölés alkalmazási lehetőségeit. Ezen módszerek alkalmasak a leukaemiás sejtpopuláció megbízható azonosítására és a minimális maradék betegség (MRD) meghatározására, ezért szerepet játszhatnak a rizikóbecslésben. Elemeztük serkentő és gátló hatású citokinek szabályozó hatásait gyermekkori ALL-ben, MDS-ben, essentiális thrombocythemiában és összehasonlításként lobos folyamatokban. Vizsgáltuk a hagyományos citosztatikus kezelés kiegészítésére lehetőséget teremtő innovatív terápiás eljárásokat, rituximab, interferon-alfa, cisz-retinsav és bcl-2 antisense oligonukleotid preparatum in vitro és in vivo terápiás effektusait. A sejtterápiás eljárások fejlesztése céljából modellként tanulmányoztuk Glanzmann thrombasthaeniás beteg rendellenességét komplex molekuláris módszerekkel, valamint a kóros és a vad típusú gének transzfektálásának hatékonyságát emlős sejtekben. | Hematopietic malignancies represent the most frequent form of cancer in children. The major aim of the present project was to improve treatment results and quality of life in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) by introducing novel cellular and molecular biological diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Nationwide results in children with ALL treated with the conventional combined cytostatic ALL-BFM-95 protocol were analyzed retrospectively. Expression of a novel leukemia-associated marker (FXIII-A) was studied in AML és ALL blasts and four color flow cytometric immunophenotyping was introduced. These methods allow the exact identification of the leukemic cell population rendering them powerful tools for assessing minimal residual disease and risk estimation. Regulatory effects of stimulatory and inhibitory cytokines were analyzed in childhood ALL, MDS and essential thrombocythemia as compared to inflammatory lesions. Innovative adjuvant treatment approaches, such as in vitro and in vivo therapeutic effects of rituximab, interferon-alpha, cis-retinoic acid and bcl-2 antisense oligonuleotide preparation were studied. As a molecular model for developing cell therapeutical methods, aberration of a patient with Glanzmann thrombasthenia was assessed by applying complex molecular methods and transfecting the mutant and wild-type genes into mammalian cells

Generic Deriving of Generic Traversals

Functional programmers have an established tradition of using traversals as a design pattern to work with recursive data structures. The technique is so prolific that a whole host of libraries have been designed to help in the task of automatically providing traversals by analysing the generic structure of data types. More recently, lenses have entered the functional scene and have proved themselves to be a simple and versatile mechanism for working with product types. They make it easy to focus on the salient parts of a data structure in a composable and reusable manner. This paper uses the combination of lenses and traversals to give rise to a library with unprecedented expressivity and flexibility for querying and modifying complex data structures. Furthermore, since lenses and traversals are based on the generic shape of data, this information is used to generate code that is as efficient as hand-optimised versions. The technique leverages the structure of data to produce generic abstractions that are then eliminated by the standard workhorses of modern functional compilers: inlining and specialisation

Linear Constraints

A linear argument must be consumed exactly once in the body of its function. A linear type system can verify the correct usage of resources such as file handles and manually managed memory. But this verification requires bureaucracy. This paper presents linear constraints, a front-end feature for linear typing that decreases the bureaucracy of working with linear types. Linear constraints are implicit linear arguments that are to be filled in automatically by the compiler. Linear constraints are presented as a qualified type system, together with an inference algorithm which extends OutsideIn, GHC's existing constraint solver algorithm. Soundness of linear constraints is ensured by the fact that they desugar into Linear Haskell

Patient-reported Measurements of Oral Mucositis in Pediatric Patients with Cancer

K