Population structure and associated phenotypes of Salmonella enterica serovars Derby and Mbandaka overlap with host range

BACKGROUND:The Salmonella enterica serovar Derby is frequently isolated from pigs and turkeys whereas serovar Mbandaka is frequently isolated from cattle, chickens and animal feed in the UK. Through comparative genomics, phenomics and mutant construction we previously suggested possible mechanistic reasons why these serovars demonstrate apparently distinct host ranges. Here, we investigate the genetic and phenotypic diversity of these two serovars in the UK. We produce a phylogenetic reconstruction and perform several biochemical assays on isolates of S. Derby and S. Mbandaka acquired from sites across the UK between the years 2000 and 2010. RESULTS:We show that UK isolates of S. Mbandaka comprise of one clonal lineage which is adapted to proficient utilisation of metabolites found in soya beans under ambient conditions. We also show that this clonal lineage forms a biofilm at 25 °C, suggesting that this serovar maybe well adapted to survival ex vivo, growing in animal feed. Conversely, we show that S. Derby is made of two distinct lineages, L1 and L2. These lineages differ genotypically and phenotypically, being divided by the presence and absence of SPI-23 and the ability to more proficiently invade porcine jejunum derived cell line IPEC-J2. CONCLUSION:The results of this study lend support to the hypothesis that the differences in host ranges of S. Derby and S. Mbandaka are adaptations to pathogenesis, environmental persistence, as well as utilisation of metabolites abundant in their respective host environments

Cyclopia: An epidemiologic study in a large dataset from the International Clearinghouse of Birth Defects Surveillance and Research

Cyclopia is characterized by the presence of a single eye, with varying degrees of doubling of the intrinsic ocular structures, located in the middle of the face. It is the severest facial expression of the holoprosencephaly (HPE) spectrum. This study describes the prevalence, associated malformations, and maternal characteristics among cases with cyclopia. Data originated in 20 Clearinghouse (ICBDSR) affiliated birth defect surveillance systems, reported according to a single pre-established protocol. A total of 257 infants with cyclopia were identified. Overall prevalence was 1 in 100,000 births (95%CI: 0.89-1.14), with only one program being out of range. Across sites, there was no correlation between cyclopia prevalence and number of births (r=0.08; P=0.75) or proportion of elective termination of pregnancy (r=-0.01; P=0.97). The higher prevalence of cyclopia among older mothers (older than 34) was not statistically significant. The majority of cases were liveborn (122/200; 61%) and females predominated (male/total: 42%). A substantial proportion of cyclopias (31%) were caused by chromosomal anomalies, mainly trisomy 13. Another 31% of the cases of cyclopias were associated with defects not typically related to HPE, with more hydrocephalus, heterotaxia defects, neural tube defects, and preaxial reduction defects than the chromosomal group, suggesting the presence of ciliopathies or other unrecognized syndromes. Cyclopia is a very rare defect without much variability in prevalence by geographic location. The heterogeneous etiology with a high prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities, and female predominance in HPE, were confirmed, but no effect of increased maternal age or association with twinning was observed.Fil: Orioli, Ieda Maria. Instituto de Biologia; Brasil. Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional; BrasilFil: Amar, Emmanuelle. Rhone-alps Registry Of Birth Defects Remera; FranciaFil: Bakker, Marian K.. University of Groningen; Países BajosFil: Bermejo Sánchez, Eva. Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Brasil. Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Raras; BrasilFil: Bianchi, Fabrizio. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; ItaliaFil: Canfield, Mark A.. Texas Department Of State Health Services; Estados UnidosFil: Clementi, Maurizio. Università di Padova; ItaliaFil: Correa, Adolfo. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; BrasilFil: Csáky Szunyogh, Melinda. National Center for Healthcare Audit and Inspection; HungríaFil: Feldkamp, Marcia L.. Utah Department Of Health; Estados Unidos. University Of Utah Health Sciences; Estados UnidosFil: Landau, Danielle. Soroka University Medical Center; IsraelFil: Leoncini, Emanuele. Centre Of The International Clearinghouse For Birth Defects Surveillance And Research; ItaliaFil: Li, Zhu. Peking University Health Science Center; ChinaFil: Lowry, R. Brian. Alberta Congenital Anomalies Surveillance System; CanadáFil: Mastroiacovo, Pierpaolo. Centre Of The International Clearinghouse For Birth Defects Surveillance And Research; ItaliaFil: Morgan, Margery. the Congenital Anomaly Register for Wales; Reino UnidoFil: Mutchinick, Osvaldo M.. Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición Salvador Zubiran; MéxicoFil: Rissmann, Anke. Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg; AlemaniaFil: Ritvanen, Annukka. National Institute For Health And Welfare; FinlandiaFil: Scarano, Gioacchino. General Hospital G. Rummo Benevento; ItaliaFil: Szabova, Elena. Slovak Medical University; EslovaquiaFil: Castilla, Eduardo Enrique. Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional; Brasil. Centro de Educación Medica E Invest.clinicas; Argentina. Fundación Oswaldo Cruz; Brasil. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7^th century Avar elites

The Avars settled the Carpathian Basin in 567/68 CE, establishing an empire lasting over 200 years. Who they were and where they came from is highly debated. Contemporaries have disagreed about whether they were, as they claimed, the direct successors of the Mongolian Steppe Rouran empire that was destroyed by the Turks in ∼550 CE. Here, we analyze new genome-wide data from 66 pre-Avar and Avar-period Carpathian Basin individuals, including the 8 richest Avar-period burials and further elite sites from Avar’s empire core region. Our results provide support for a rapid long-distance trans-Eurasian migration of Avar-period elites. These individuals carried Northeast Asian ancestry matching the profile of preceding Mongolian Steppe populations, particularly a genome available from the Rouran period. Some of the later elite individuals carried an additional non-local ancestry component broadly matching the steppe, which could point to a later migration or reflect greater genetic diversity within the initial migrant population.- Introduction - Results -- Ancient DNA dataset and quality control -- The genomic structure of the pre-Avar-period population -- The genomic structure of the Avar-period population -- Modeling the eastern steppe ancestry of the elites in the core of the Avar empire -- The heterogeneous ancestry in the regions surrounding the Avar empire’s core - Discussion -- Limitations of the study - Star Method

The evidence of contaminants in dairy products

U pogledu zdravstvene ispravnosti namirnica danas se u svijetu poglavito govori o razini njihova zagađenja odnosno nalazu štetnih tvari koje mogu ugroziti čovječje zdravlje. Uporaba veterinarskih lijekova u terapijske svrhe i njihov dodatak stočnoj hrani te uporaba kemijskih sredstava u zaštiti bilja najznačajniji su putovi kemijskog zagađenja mlijeka i mliječnih proizvoda. Razina spomenutih zagađenja ovisi o mogućnostima uporabe tih sredstava u poljoprivrednoj, stočarskoj i veterinarskoj praksi. Zdravstvena ispravnost mliječnih proizvoda ovisi i o nazočnosti patogenih mikroorganizama, a i o suvremenim spoznajama o nutricionističkoj vrijednosti pojedinih sastojaka.In the context of the wholesomeness the foodstuffs today we talk mostly about the quantity of different food contaminants which can cause the disturbances of human health. The use of veterinary drugs for therapeutic purposes and their addition to the animal feed, the use of pesticides and other chemicals in the plant production are the most important ways of milk and dairy products contamination. The quantity of such pollution depends on the possibilities of using this agents in agriculture, animal breeding and veterinary practice. The wholesomeness of dairy products depends on the evidence of pathogenic microorganisms as well as on the nutrition value of the composition of fooodstuffs

On the meaning of effects of substrate structure on biological transport

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/44802/1/10863_2005_Article_BF01516050.pd