The taming of the duel: masculinity, honour and ritual violence in London, 1660–1800

Over the course of the ‘long’ eighteenth century the nature and significance of duels fought in the London area changed dramatically. Pistols replaced swords, seconds took on a new role as mediators, and new conventions reduced the violence. Consequently, injuries and fatalities decreased significantly. The purpose of fighting duels also shifted from the defeat of one's antagonist to a demonstration of courage. Although duels continued to occur, growing opposition meant that the audience of people who supported duelling became increasingly limited and duels took place in places far from public view. At the same time, both the press and the courts provided alternative strategies for defending reputations. These changes cannot be attributed to technological developments, official attempts to prevent duelling, or the embourgeoisement of the duel. Rather, they resulted from a series of interlinked cultural changes, including an increasing intolerance of violence, new internalized understandings of elite honour, and the adoption of ‘polite’ and sentimental norms governing masculine conduct. These eighteenth-century changes shed new light on the reasons for the final end of duelling in England in 1852

Anthelmintic effects of Salix babylonica L. and Leucaena leucocephala Lam. extracts in growing lambs

In Mexico, small ruminant production has important social and economic functions, especially for small rural farmers who rely on these animals as a source of food and income. Production efficiency of ruminants has been limited by nutritional and sanitary problems with helminth infections being one of the major health conditions affecting humans and livestock. Exposure to nematode parasites depends on the husbandry system under which livestock are raised. In situations where Mexican farmers are almost entirely dependent on grazing, exposure to nematode larvae is continuous throughout the year. Gastrointestinal nematode parasitism is a major cause of sheep and goat mortality in tropical Mexico (Canul-Ku et al. 2012) and other tropical countries (Carvalho et al. 2012). The impacts of gastrointestinal nematode parasitism in practical systems has stimulated research into alternative medications, such as medicinal plants or tree leaf extracts, which are used in ruminants, donkeys, camels, and humans (Wabo-Pone et al. 2009; Carvalho et al. 2012).Twenty Katahdin×Pelibuey crossbreed male lambs, 3 to 4 months of age and 24±0.3 kg of body weight, were used to study the anthelmintic effects of administering extracts of Salix babylonica L. (SB) and Leucaena leucocephala Lam. (LL). Lambs had not been treated with anthelmintics previously and were randomly allocated into four groups of five lambs each in a completely randomized design. Treatments were as follows: control (lambs fed on total mixed ration without extracts), SB (as control plus S. babylonica L. extract at 30 ml/day), LL (as control plus L. leucocephala Lam. extract at 30 ml/day), and SBLL (as control plus 30 ml/day of S. babylonica L. and L. leucocephala Lam. extracts in a 1:1 (v/v) mixture) for 63 days. Extracts were orally administered before the 8:00 a.m. feeding to each lamb. Rectal fecal samples were collected from each lamb at day 22 (P1), day 43 (P2), and day 63 (P3) of the experiment. Adult worm and egg counts were determined in each fecal sample immediately after collection. Plant secondary metabolites of total phenolics, saponins, and the aqueous fraction were 50 % lower in the SB versus LL extracts. Overall, the oral administration of extracts has improved the egg and worm count reductions in lamb feces by 54, 47, and 40 % for LL, SB, and SBLL, respectively, versus the control lambs. Reductions of worm egg counts in lamb feces were higher (P <0.05) in P2 and P3 versus P1. Extracts of SB and LL or possibly isolated bioactive compounds could be a promising alternative to conventional anthelmintics to treat gastrointestinal parasites of small ruminants. Such treatments could be used in control strategies against gastrointestinal nematodes in organic and conventional production systems

Diet inclusion of devil fish (Plecostomus spp.) silage and its impacts on ruminal fermentation and growth performance of growing lambs in hot regions of Mexico

The aim of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of devil fish (Plecostomus spp.—DF) silage in Criollo× Blackbelly lamb diets in hot region of Guerrero state of Mexico. Rumen fermentation including pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia-N (NH3-N) and productive variables including feed intake (FI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion were determined. Twenty lambs with 18±1.2 kg body weight in a completely randomized design were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) of concentrate (based on soybean meal, whole oat hay, ground corn cob, vitamins-minerals supplement) with DF silage at 0 % (DF0), 9 % (DF9), 18 % (DF18), and 27 % (DF27) of the TMR for 75 days. The ruminal pH showed no difference (P>0.05) between treatments: ranging between 6.21 and 6.36. Propionic acid molar proportions showed an irregular pattern between experimental groups, which only differed (P0.05) among treatments. The daily FI was increased (P0.05) among them. The ADG showed only difference (cubic effect, P=0.02) between DF9 and DF18. The highest feed conversion was observed (cubic effect, P<0.01) with DF18, with a value of 4.7 kg of feed to gain 1 kg of body weight. It could be concluded that the inclusion of up to 18 % of DF silage in the TMR of growing lamb diets, in hot regions of Mexico, may improve productive performance a

Influence of live cells or cells extract of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on in vitro gas production of a total mixed ration

In vitro gas production An interaction effect was observed (P=0.009) between treatment type and treatment dose for the asymptotic GP without interaction effects (P>0.05) for the rate of GP and the initial delay before gas production begins. In general, incubation of yeast CE improved (P=0.0007) the asymptotic GP compared to control and yeast LC. In both of CE and LC, the low and the intermediate doses were morelive cells (LC) or cells extract (CE) on in vitro gas production (GP) kinetics and ruminal fermentation parameters of a total mixed ration (TMR) consisting of commercial concentrate and alfalfa hay [1:1 dry matter (DM)] as a substrate was studied. The TMR was incubated with CE at 1, 2 and 4 mg/g or LC at 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 mg/g DM for 96 h. Rumen GP was recorded after 6, 12, 19, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of incubation. Interaction effects were observed (P<0.01) between treatment type and yeast dose for the asymptotic GP and methane (CH4) production. Incubation of yeast CE improved (P<0.01) the asymptotic GP compared to control and LC with greater effects (P<0.01) for the low and the intermediate doses. Yeast CE treatment was more effective (P<0.01) in GP than both of LC and control treatments with greater effect (P<0.01) for the low and the intermediate doses. Treatment type and yeast dose affected (P<0.01) CH4 production, metabolisable energy (ME), and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) without affecting in vitro DM degradability (IVDMD). Higher values (P<0.01) of CH4, ME, SCFA and IVDMD were observed for the yeast CE treatment. It could be concluded that adding yeast S. cerevisiae (CE and LC extract) improved GP and ruminal fermentation parameters, where CE at 0.3 and 0.6 mg/g DM was more effective than the yeast LC

Biorational and conventional insecticides efficacy to control thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis Perg.) on strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) at Morelos state, Mexico: Spanish

Strawberry cultivation presents multiple phytosanitary limitations among which the “western flower thrips” stands out. Adults and nymphs of F. occidentalis produce severe damage to flowers and fruits, reducing the yield and quality of the product. In Mexico, thrips control is based on the use of synthetic chemical insecticides. The objective of this research was to evaluate the insecticidal effectiveness of biorational and conventional products as control alternatives and their phytotoxic effects in strawberry cultivation. The study was carried out in strawberry cv. Camino Real in flowering stage - fruiting established in open ground. A completely randomized design with seven treatments and four replications was used. Significant differences between treatments could be identified; Imidacloprid + Lambda Cyhalothrin and Bifenthrin caused the highest mortality of thrips with an efficiency of 92 and 93% respectively. Spinosad obtained good results, ranking as the second best option with 90% control efficiencies; neem extract stood out as an excellent biorational pest management alternative with 77% control efficacy in the last evaluation. No phytotoxic effects were observed from any of the treatments on the crop.Objective: To evaluate the insecticidal effectiveness of biorational and conventional products as alternatives to control thrips and their phytotoxic effects in strawberry cultivation. Design / methodology / approach: The research was carried out in strawberry cv. Camino Real during its flowering stage - fruiting established in open ground; A completely randomized experimental design with seven treatments and four replications was used. The treatments evaluated were: T1: neem oil extract, T2: paraffin oil, T3: garlic extract + hot chili pepper + cinnamon, T4: spinosad, T5: imidacloprid + lambda cyhalothrin, T6: bifenthrin, and T7: control. Applications were made weekly and the mortality evaluation was carried out by counting the number of live thrips per flower. With the obtained data, an analysis of variances and a mean comparison test (Tukey, p ≤ 0.05) were performed. Results: Significant differences between treatments could be identified (p ≤ 0.05); imidacloprid + lambda cyhalothrin and bifenthrin caused the highest mortality of thrips with 92 and 93 % efficacy, respectively. Spinosad obtained good results, ranking as the second-best option with 90 % control efficiencies; neem extract stood out as an excellent biorational pest management alternative with 77 % control efficacy in its last evaluation. No phytotoxic effects were observed from any of the treatments on the crop. Limitations on study / implications: It is important to continue the study in the laboratory to obtain the LD50 and LD90 of the management alternatives, as well as an MRL analysis of the molecules used. Findings / conclusions: The proposed protocol evidenced the efficacy of biorational and ecological thrips control treatments in intensive horticultural systems

Morphological and molecular characterization of Podosphaera xanthii, causal agent of powdery mildew in husk tomato and watermelon

Objective: To determine the causal agent of powdery mildew in husk tomato and watermelon, as well as its morphological and molecular characterization. Design/methodology/approach: In Iguala, Guerrero, in 2018, leaves with powdery mildew symptoms from husk tomato (Physalis ixocarpa) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) were collected. From two isolates (Phyxa1 and Phyxa2) of husk tomato and two of watermelon (Citrus1 and Citrus2), the morphological characterization was carried out by assembling morphological structures and visualizing them under an optical microscope. For molecular characterization, the ITS region was amplified with the use of primers ITS1 and ITS4, PCR was performed and the products obtained were sequenced in the company Macrogen®. A phylogenetic analysis was performed with the resulting sequences and they were compared with other sequences available in GenBank. Results: It was determined that there is morphological and genetic variability between isolates from husk tomato and watermelon. The largest sizes of conidiophores and conidia were from Phyxa1 and Phyxa2 isolates, the smallest sizes were recorded in Citrus1 and Citrus2. The isolates presented a tendency to group according to the host, the Phyxa1 and Phyxa2 isolates were associated with Solanacea isolates, while the Citrus1 and Citrus2 isolates were grouped with isolates of the Cucurbitaceae family. Findings/conclusions: Podosphaera xanthii was shown to be the agent associated with powdery mildew in husk tomato and watermelon. Morphological and genetic variability of P. xanthii was determined, which was associated with the host of origin.Objective: To determine the causal agent of powdery mildew in husk tomato and watermelon, as well as its morphological and molecular characterization. Design/methodology/approach: Leaves with powdery mildew symptoms were collected from husk tomato (Physalis ixocarpa) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) in Iguala, Guerrero, Mexico in 2018. From two isolates (Phyxa1 and Phyxa2) of husk tomato and two of watermelon (Citrus1 and Citrus2), the morphological characterization was carried out by assembling morphological structures and visualizing them under an optical microscope. For molecular characterization, the ITS region was amplified with the use of primers ITS1 and ITS4, PCR was performed and the products obtained were sequenced in the company Macrogen®. A phylogenetic analysis was performed with the resulting sequences and they were compared with other sequences available in GenBank. Results: It was determined that there is morphological and genetic variability between isolates from husk tomato and watermelon. The largest sizes of conidiophores and conidia were from Phyxa1 and Phyxa2 isolates, the smallest sizes were found in Citrus1 and Citrus2. The isolates presented a tendency to group according to the host, the Phyxa1 and Phyxa2 isolates were associated with Solanacea isolates, while the Citrus1 and Citrus2 isolates were grouped with isolates of the Cucurbitaceae family. Findings/conclusions: Podosphaera xanthii was shown to be the agent associated with powdery mildew in husk tomato and watermelon. The morphological and genetic variability of P. xanthii was determined, which was associated with the host of origin

Calidad de semilla de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) por efecto de potenciales osmóticos, calcio y podas bajo condiciones de invernadero

Se realizaron dos experimentos en tomate bajo condiciones de hidroponía en invernadero, con el objetivo de evaluar la calidad física y fisiológica de la semilla de cuatro líneas y dos híbridos comerciales, con la aplicación de soluciones nutritivas con potenciales osmóticos de -0.054, -0.072 -0.090 MPa y concentraciones de 3, 6, 9 y 12 meq Ca L-1, con y sin poda. La evaluación de la semilla se llevó a cabo en el Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Estado de México, del 2 de noviembre de 2004 al 30 de abril de 2005. Se utilizó un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar con arreglo factorial 6x3x2 para el experimento de PO y 6x4x2 en el experimento de Ca, con cuatro repeticiones. Los factores y sus niveles fueron Variedad híbridos comerciales Gabriela y Atila, y las líneas I(RK)B-17-1 (Variedad 3), I(1.20)B-14B4S4 (Variedad 4), I(16.19)F2S-20B11S4 (Variedad 5) e I(6.14)F2S-12B19S4 (Variedad 6); solución nutritiva P.O. -0.054, -0.072, -0.090 MPa y concentraciones de 3, 6, 9 y 12 meq Ca L-1; manejo con y sin poda, para un total de 36 tratamientos en PO y 48 en Ca. La unidad experimental fue una planta por bolsa de polietileno negra de 15 L de capacidad. La solución nutritiva que promovió una mayor producción y mejoró la calidad de semilla fue aquella que tenía un potencial osmótico de -0.072 MPa y 9 meq Ca L-1. Los híbridos Gabriela y Atila produjeron la mayor cantidad de semilla por planta y por unidad de superficie en todos los tratamientos probados; y la variedad 5 en el sistema de manejo con poda registró el mayor rendimiento de semilla por fruto. La línea experimental I(RK) B-17-1 (Variedad 3) produjo la mejor calidad física de semilla en relación a peso y tamaño; sin embargo, fue la que registró la menor cantidad de plántulas normales en la prueba de germinación y de plántulas emergidas en la prueba de vigor. La mejor calidad fisiológica de semilla (plántulas normales, plántulas emergidas, índice de vigor), fue producida por la línea experimental I(1.20)B-14B4S4 (Variedad 4). La poda acortó el período de crecimiento, incrementó el porcentaje de frutos agrietados, aceleró la maduración de los frutos y disminuyó la calidad física y fisiológica de la semilla producida. De los factores estudiados el genotipo mostró efectos significativos para todas las características evaluadas. Para la calidad fisiológica de semilla el mejor efecto de interacción fue en la combinación del P.O. -0.072 MPa y 9 meq Ca L-1 aplicado a la línea experimental I(1.20)B-14B4S4 (Variedad 4) y el cultivo sin poda.__________Two experiments were carried in hydroponics using tomato under plastic greenhouse. The objective was to evaluate the physical and physiological quality of seed in four lines and two commercial hybrid, subjected to treatments of nutrient solutions with -0.054, -0.072 -0.090 MPa and 3, 6, 9 and 12 meq Ca L-1 with and without pruning. The evaluation of the seed was carried out in Montecillo, Texcoco, State of Mexico in November 2th of 2004 to April 30th 2005. The experimental design was a completely randomized blocks with a factorial arrangement 6x3x2 (for the experiment of PO) and 6x4x2 (in the experiment of Ca) with four replications. Factors and levels were: variety Gabriela, Attila, I(RK)B-17-1 (Variety 3), I(1.20)B-14B4S4 (Variety 4), I(16.19)F2S-20B11S4 (Variety 5), I(6.14)F2S-12B19S4 (Variety 6); nutrient solution (O.P. -0.054, -0.072, -0.090 MPa; 3, 6, 9, 12 meq Ca L-1); and pruning (with and without), for a total of 36 treatments in PO and 48 in Ca. The experimental unit was one plant per plastic bag. The nutrient solution with -0.072 MPa and 9 meq Ca L-1 increased yield and seed quality. Gabriela and Attila hybrids produced the highest yield of seed per plant and m2 in all treatments; Variety 5 combined with pruning registered the highest yield of seed per fruit. The experimental line I(RK) B-17-1 (Variety 3) produced the best physical seed quality in relation to weight and size. However, it registered the lowest germination in the standard test and seedlings emerged in the vigor test. The experimental inbred line I(1.20)B-14B4S4 (Variety 4) produced seed with the best physiological quality (normal seedlings, emerged seedlings, vigor index). Pruned plants modified their growing habit from indeterminate to determinate; and show shorter growing period, higher percentage of cracked fruits, shorter maturation period and lower physical and physiologic quality of the seed than those without pruning. The best interaction effect to obtain high seed quality corresponded to -0.072 MPa and 9 meq Ca L-1 applied Variety 4 without pruning.Tesis (Doctordo en Ciencias, especialista en Producción de Semillas).- Colegio de Postgraduados, 2007.PROME

Anthelmintic effects of Salix babylonica L. and Leucaena leucocephala Lam. extracts in growing lambs

In Mexico, small ruminant production has important social and economic functions, especially for small rural farmers who rely on these animals as a source of food and income. Production efficiency of ruminants has been limited by nutritional and sanitary problems with helminth infections being one of the major health conditions affecting humans and livestock. Exposure to nematode parasites depends on the husbandry system under which livestock are raised. In situations where Mexican farmers are almost entirely dependent on grazing, exposure to nematode larvae is continuous throughout the year. Gastrointestinal nematode parasitism is a major cause of sheep and goat mortality in tropical Mexico (Canul-Ku et al. 2012) and other tropical countries (Carvalho et al. 2012). The impacts of gastrointestinal nematode parasitism in practical systems has stimulated research into alternative medications, such as medicinal plants or tree leaf extracts, which are used in ruminants, donkeys, camels, and humans (Wabo-Pone et al. 2009; Carvalho et al. 2012).Twenty Katahdin×Pelibuey crossbreed male lambs, 3 to 4 months of age and 24±0.3 kg of body weight, were used to study the anthelmintic effects of administering extracts of Salix babylonica L. (SB) and Leucaena leucocephala Lam. (LL). Lambs had not been treated with anthelmintics previously and were randomly allocated into four groups of five lambs each in a completely randomized design. Treatments were as follows: control (lambs fed on total mixed ration without extracts), SB (as control plus S. babylonica L. extract at 30 ml/day), LL (as control plus L. leucocephala Lam. extract at 30 ml/day), and SBLL (as control plus 30 ml/day of S. babylonica L. and L. leucocephala Lam. extracts in a 1:1 (v/v) mixture) for 63 days. Extracts were orally administered before the 8:00 a.m. feeding to each lamb. Rectal fecal samples were collected from each lamb at day 22 (P1), day 43 (P2), and day 63 (P3) of the experiment. Adult worm and egg counts were determined in each fecal sample immediately after collection. Plant secondary metabolites of total phenolics, saponins, and the aqueous fraction were 50 % lower in the SB versus LL extracts. Overall, the oral administration of extracts has improved the egg and worm count reductions in lamb feces by 54, 47, and 40 % for LL, SB, and SBLL, respectively, versus the control lambs. Reductions of worm egg counts in lamb feces were higher (P <0.05) in P2 and P3 versus P1. Extracts of SB and LL or possibly isolated bioactive compounds could be a promising alternative to conventional anthelmintics to treat gastrointestinal parasites of small ruminants. Such treatments could be used in control strategies against gastrointestinal nematodes in organic and conventional production systems

Influence of live cells or cells extract of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on in vitro gas production of a total mixed ration

In vitro gas production An interaction effect was observed (P=0.009) between treatment type and treatment dose for the asymptotic GP without interaction effects (P>0.05) for the rate of GP and the initial delay before gas production begins. In general, incubation of yeast CE improved (P=0.0007) the asymptotic GP compared to control and yeast LC. In both of CE and LC, the low and the intermediate doses were morelive cells (LC) or cells extract (CE) on in vitro gas production (GP) kinetics and ruminal fermentation parameters of a total mixed ration (TMR) consisting of commercial concentrate and alfalfa hay [1:1 dry matter (DM)] as a substrate was studied. The TMR was incubated with CE at 1, 2 and 4 mg/g or LC at 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 mg/g DM for 96 h. Rumen GP was recorded after 6, 12, 19, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of incubation. Interaction effects were observed (P<0.01) between treatment type and yeast dose for the asymptotic GP and methane (CH4) production. Incubation of yeast CE improved (P<0.01) the asymptotic GP compared to control and LC with greater effects (P<0.01) for the low and the intermediate doses. Yeast CE treatment was more effective (P<0.01) in GP than both of LC and control treatments with greater effect (P<0.01) for the low and the intermediate doses. Treatment type and yeast dose affected (P<0.01) CH4 production, metabolisable energy (ME), and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) without affecting in vitro DM degradability (IVDMD). Higher values (P<0.01) of CH4, ME, SCFA and IVDMD were observed for the yeast CE treatment. It could be concluded that adding yeast S. cerevisiae (CE and LC extract) improved GP and ruminal fermentation parameters, where CE at 0.3 and 0.6 mg/g DM was more effective than the yeast LC