Aspects of fruit growth and rootstock/scion influence on field performance in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson var. deliciosa) : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Horticultural Science at Massey University

Appendix for Published Papers not included due to copyright. May be viewed in the print copy held in the library.The influence of nine Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson var. de!iciosa rootstocks and four 'Hayward' strains on the growth and cropping performance of kiwifruit vines four, five, and six years after grafting was determined. Multivariate analysis of variance on phenotypic data was an effective technique to distinguish main effects of rootstock and scion and the interactions between the two. Canonical Variate Analysis was particularly useful for distinguishing between root systems, 'Hayward' selections and their interaction on the basis of field performance. This statistical technique was highly effective in summarizing the complex relationships of the data and provided a useful method of reducing the dimensionality of the problem. A rootstock effect on plants topworked on root system 4 (male) was characterised by high field performance, as expressed by high floral bud burst and high yield of large size fruit in each of three seasons. Own rooted vines had the highest field performance in one season. Own rooted 'Hayward' B strain had a large trunk diameter and high yield in comparison to the other three own rooted 'Haywards', in two seasons. In contrast, when strain 'B' was topworked across eight root systems the vines produced a low yield of small fruit in two seasons. 'Hayward' A as a scion achieved the best field performance in yield and fruit sizing across eight root systems in two seasons. Root system and scion interactions were characterised by differences in 'Hayward' selection effects on individual root systems, and root system effects on individual 'Hayward' selections. In particular scion performance on root system 9 differed significantly, as did the effect of rootstock on the scion selection 'Hayward' D. Fruit from some vines had a significant increase in percentage of soluble solids and fruit firmness at harvest, and during storage. Scion effects on percentage of soluble solids present at harvest were lost after fifteen weeks of cold storage. Conversely, in some cases, significant interaction between rootstock and scions on that variate were found only after a period of fruit storage. Rapid fruit softening during storage occurred in some rootstock scion combinations, particularly 'Hayward' Con its own roots and three of the eight rootstocks. The effects of early summer partial defoliation on fruit size, return bloom, and carbohydrate content of 'Hayward' kiwifruit vines were studied. An arbitrary distinction was made between shoots arising from the 'replacement cane zone' (RCZ), the wide horizontal area between the T-bar support wires, and the fruiting zone (FZ), comprising all growth arising outside the T-bar support wires. A 75 % defoliation of new shoots in the RCZ significantly reduced mean fruit size 13 and 7 g, in the RCZ and FZ, respectively, and starch content of the shoots as determined in March. The treatments did not significantly alter the root starch content over several dates sampled. The return bloom of the vines was significantly reduced by 50 and 75 % defoliation. Pre-anthesis factors and early fruit growth were important in determining final fruit size. Ovaries from early opening flowers had significantly greater fresh weight than late ovaries. Cell number and cell size in the inner and outer pericarp of the ovary at anthesis were similar for early and late opening flowers but core cell number was significantly higher for ovaries from early flowers. At commercial harvest, the cell number in the outer pericarp of fruit from early flowers was greater than fruit from late flowers. When treated with the synthetic cytokinin CPPU (N-(2-chloro-4-pyridil)-N-phenylurea), fruit from early flowers achieved a larger fruit size than fruit from late flowers. Fruit weight response to the synthetic cytokinin CPPU was enhanced when applied in combination with GA₃ (gibberellic acid) + 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) in three seasons. In treated 'Hayward' fruit, the relative thickness of the outer pericarp was increased, and the inner pericarp decreased. Low and high seeded fruit treated with the hormone mixture had mean fresh weights of 102 and 136 g, respectively, compared with 47 and 90 g in untreated fruit. In kiwifruit inner pericarp cultured in vitro there was no callus growth in the absence of hormones, even when seed were present. A mix of 2,4-D + GA₃ + BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) stimulated callus growth. In the presence of 2,4-D + GA₃ , seeds or BAP increased fruit callus growth and reduced the phytotoxicity effect of abscisic acid (ABA). The uptake of ¹⁴C-CPPU and ¹⁴C-CPPU + 2,4-D + GA₃ by 'Hayward' kiwifruit, and the distribution of radioactive label in fruit tissues was examined. After 21 days the recovery of radioactivity was significantly greater from fruit treated with mixture compounds to CPPU alone. At commercial harvest radio-active metabolites of CPPU were on average 6.2 and 4.8 ppb (fresh weight basis) for soluble and insoluble acetone fractions, respectively. Of this activity, 90 % was present on the skin, and 10 % in the flesh

Fenoles de interés farmacológico en hojas de vides silvestres (Vitis spp.) de México

Sedentary styles of life, along with inadequate nutritional habits, increase the risk to develop degenerative chronic diseases. Searching for possible alternatives of prevention for those risks, it has been investigated about the quality and nutraceutic properties of several agricultural commodities. The phenols are substances with important functions in vegetal organisms; and moreover they have antioxidants properties in the cellular metabolism of humans and animals. In order to quantify the content of three phenolic acids and a stilbene, it was performed analyses, by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV/Vis), on metanolic leave extracts of 97 wild grapevines (Vitis spp.) of Puebla, Mexico. Those plants were found growing in their natural environments from 207 to 2175 m. The gallic acid was the most common of the metabolites since it appeared in 96 of the 97 samples, rutin was the second most common substance and it was identified in 80 samples, the caffeic acid appeared in 29 and finally resveratrol only in 14. The leaves of wild grapevines contain diverse antioxidants substances that might have several benefits in the human health; in addition the suitable conservation, maintenance and correct advantage of this plant genus provide environmental services and the balance of ecosystems

Resveratrol content in leaves of Mexican wild grapevines (Vitis spp.)

El resveratrol es considerado una fitoalexina pues es sintetizado como respuesta a patógenos (factores bióticos) y en condiciones climáticas adversas (factores abióticos). Actualmente existe mucho interés en él por su potencial uso en farmacología como antioxidante. Mediante cromatografía de líquidos de alta resolución (HPLC) se determinó el contenido de resveratrol en hojas de 18 accesiones de vides nativas de Puebla, México, cuatro de ellas creciendo en cuatro condiciones ambientales diferentes. Las concentraciones fueron muy variables, estimándose 39,5 μg g−1 peso fresco como valor máximo, mientras que en algunas accesiones no fue posible detectar resveratrol. Se observaron diferencias en el contenido de resveratrol para accesiones creciendo en localidades diferentes, lo que sugiere alta influencia de los factores ambientales sobre la expresión del genotipo en la inducción o inhibición de la biosíntesis de dicho metabolito secundario.Resveratrol is considered a phytoalexin, because it is synthesized in response to pathogens (biotic factors) and adverse climatic conditions (abiotic factors). Nowadays there is great interest in this substance, due to its potential use in pharmacology as an antioxidant. Through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), resveratrol content was determined in leaves of 18 accessions of wild grapevines native to Puebla, Mexico; four of them growing in four different environmental conditions. There was high variability in the resveratrol contents, estimating 39.5 μg g-1 fresh weight as maximum value whereas in some accessions there was not detection. Differences in the content of resveratrol within the four environments for the different accessions were observed, suggesting high influence of the environment on the genotype, inducting or inhibiting the biosynthesis of that compound.Fil: Tobar-Reyes, J. Refugio. Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de México. Escuela de Ingeniería AgrohidraúlicaFil: Franco-Mora, Omar. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Facultad de Ciencias AgrícolasFil: Morales-Rosales, Edgar Jesús. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Facultad de Ciencias AgrícolasFil: Cruz-Castillo, Juan Guillermo. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo (México). Centro Regional Universitario Orient

Antioxidants in processed fruit, essential oil, and seed oils of feijoa

The degradation of nutraceutical properties during processing of the fruits of feijoa (Acca sellowiana), and the characterization of seed oils, and volatile compounds were evaluated. In feijoa fruit dehydrated by a standard convective air process, the total phenols and total flavonoids declined 42%, and the antioxidant capacity determined by ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP declined 26% with respect to lyophilized fruit. In feijoa jam, the reduction of total phenols and flavonoids was 52%, and the reduction in antioxidant capacity was 72%. Vitamin C in the jam was also reduced by the processing. Feijoa seeds had 69.4% unsaturated fatty acids, mainly linoleic (46.2%) and linolenic (3.7%) acids. Behenic acid was also detected in the seeds but in small amounts (0.91%). The feijoa skin had 31 volatile compounds in two orchards with different climate, one in a tropical highland and the other in a temperate zone. The extraction yield was on average 0.45%. The major compounds in the essential oil of the feijoa skin were 3-hexen-1-yl benzoate, elixene, spathulenol, D-germacrene and alpha-cadinol. In general, the concentration of volatile oils was higher in the temperate zone

La vid silvestre en México. Actualidades y potencial

En ocho capítulos se aborda el estado del arte de la vid silvestre en MéxicoEl estudio de las especies vegetales nativas de México representa un reto que cada día más investigadores mexicanos asumen. Durante muchos años, el apoyo a la investigación pública ha sido mínimo; desde el punto de vista agronómico es insuficiente para avanzar a la velocidad que requiere nuestro país para afrontar problemas de producción y distribución de alimentos. Por esa razón, entre otras, me es grato presentar esta obra que compila parte de los trabajos de la Red de Vid Silvestre patrocinada por el Sistema Nacional de Recursos Fitogenéticos (sinarefi) dependiente de la sagarpa; trabajos apuntalados por investigadores que sin pertenecer a la red han colaborado en el estudio de las plantas del género Vitis. En este libro se muestra el potencial del país para aprovechar el recurso vid, empleado desde antes de la conquista española por nativos mexicanos que conocían sus bondades. Es necesario continuar el avance en el conocimiento de este recurso, por ello el presente libro pretende invitar a toda persona interesada en contribuir con el rescate y conservación de las vides mexicanas. Los autores y editores, así como las instituciones en donde laboramos y aquellas que patrocinan estas investigaciones, esperamos se cumpla este objetivo y que el lector, alumno, profesor, investigador, público en general, disfrute esta lectura y, sobre todo, se interese en el recurso VitisSEP, SINAREFI, UAEME

Intermediate Molecular Phenotypes to Identify Genetic Markers of Anthracycline-Induced Cardiotoxicity Risk.

Cardiotoxicity due to anthracyclines (CDA) affects cancer patients, but we cannot predict who may suffer from this complication. CDA is a complex trait with a polygenic component that is mainly unidentified. We propose that levels of intermediate molecular phenotypes (IMPs) in the myocardium associated with histopathological damage could explain CDA susceptibility, so variants of genes encoding these IMPs could identify patients susceptible to this complication. Thus, a genetically heterogeneous cohort of mice (n = 165) generated by backcrossing were treated with doxorubicin and docetaxel. We quantified heart fibrosis using an Ariol slide scanner and intramyocardial levels of IMPs using multiplex bead arrays and QPCR. We identified quantitative trait loci linked to IMPs (ipQTLs) and cdaQTLs via linkage analysis. In three cancer patient cohorts, CDA was quantified using echocardiography or Cardiac Magnetic Resonance. CDA behaves as a complex trait in the mouse cohort. IMP levels in the myocardium were associated with CDA. ipQTLs integrated into genetic models with cdaQTLs account for more CDA phenotypic variation than that explained by cda-QTLs alone. Allelic forms of genes encoding IMPs associated with CDA in mice, including AKT1, MAPK14, MAPK8, STAT3, CAS3, and TP53, are genetic determinants of CDA in patients. Two genetic risk scores for pediatric patients (n = 71) and women with breast cancer (n = 420) were generated using machine-learning Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression. Thus, IMPs associated with heart damage identify genetic markers of CDA risk, thereby allowing more personalized patient management.J.P.L.’s lab is sponsored by Grant PID2020-118527RB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/ 501100011039; Grant PDC2021-121735-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011039 and by the “European Union Next Generation EU/PRTR”, the Regional Government of Castile and León (CSI144P20). J.P.L. and P.L.S. are supported by the Carlos III Health Institute (PIE14/00066). AGN laboratory and human patients’ studies are supported by an ISCIII project grant (PI18/01242). The Human Genotyping unit is a member of CeGen, PRB3, and is supported by grant PT17/0019 of the PE I + D + i 2013–2016, funded by ISCIII and ERDF. SCLl is supported by MINECO/FEDER research grants (RTI2018-094130-B-100). CH was supported by the Department of Defense (DoD) BCRP, No. BC190820; and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), No. R01CA184476. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) is a multi-program national laboratory operated by the University of California for the DOE under contract DE AC02-05CH11231. The Proteomics Unit belongs to ProteoRed, PRB3-ISCIII, supported by grant PT17/0019/0023 of the PE I + D +i, 2017–2020, funded by ISCIII and FEDER. RCC is funded by fellowships from the Spanish Regional Government of Castile and León. NGS is a recipient of an FPU fellowship (MINECO/FEDER). hiPSC-CM studies were funded in part by the “la Caixa” Banking Foundation under the project code HR18-00304 and a Severo Ochoa CNIC Intramural Project (Exp. 12-2016 IGP) to J.J.S

Trabajo social comunitario: acciones desde lo rural.

Con el ánimo de conversar al respecto acerca de nuevas posibilidades de actuación desde lo comunitario en escenarios rurales, se llevó a cabo en mayo del 2014 el iv Seminario Internacional de Trabajo Social Comunitario: Acciones desde lo Rural, el cual buscaba establecer diálogos entre espacios académicos y populares, todo esto a partir de los saberes de las comunidades en territorios rurales, con la intención de comprender el campo de acción del trabajo social en este escenario a nivel regional, nacional e internacional

Trabajo social comunitario: acciones desde lo rural.

Con el ánimo de conversar al respecto acerca de nuevas posibilidades de actuación desde lo comunitario en escenarios rurales, se llevó a cabo en mayo del 2014 el iv Seminario Internacional de Trabajo Social Comunitario: Acciones desde lo Rural, el cual buscaba establecer diálogos entre espacios académicos y populares, todo esto a partir de los saberes de las comunidades en territorios rurales, con la intención de comprender el campo de acción del trabajo social en este escenario a nivel regional, nacional e internacional

Territorios sustentables en contexto de pandemia

La obra ofrece trabajos que brindan un conocimiento científico sobre el impacto de la pandemia en la salud, la economía, el ambiente y los territorios y se plantean desafíos para hacer más sostenible la vida en las ciudades y en el campo para insertarse y poder competir a nivel global

Una perspectiva multidisciplinaria

Derivado de la necesidad de fomentar la investigación multidisciplinaria, la Facultad de Economía de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México llevó a cabo los días 8 y 9 de septiembre de 2016, el VIII Coloquio de Investigación intitulado “Desarrollo económico, regional y sustentable”. En este magno evento se presentaron 36 ponencias agrupadas en cinco mesas de trabajo: sectores productivos, crecimiento económico y mercado de trabajo; tecnología, innovación y organizaciones; desigualdad regional, pobreza y migración; economía financiera e internacional; y medio ambiente y sociedad. Del material expuesto en el VIII Coloquio, se eligieron 16 investigaciones, mismas que integran este libro. Los estudios presentados en cada uno de los subsiguientes capítulos fueron seleccionados de acuerdo a un proceso de rigurosidad científica, siendo sometidos a dictamen por pares ciegos a partir de la integración de un Comité Académico de expertos. Lo anterior con la finalidad de proporcionar al lector un material de investigación de calidad y solidez científica respecto a temas de trascendencia vinculados con los sectores productivos, la innovación, las organizaciones, la responsabilidad social, la desigualdad, la educación y el medioambiente.Consecuencia de la apertura de los mercados y los preceptos competitivos dictados por la globalización, se manifiesta la necesidad de vincular los diversos saberes provenientes de las ciencias naturales y sociales, con el fin de complementar el conocimiento y generar nuevas formas de visualizar el entorno. A raíz de ello, la investigación multidisciplinaria asume un papel cada vez más importante en los círculos académicos, empresariales y gubernamentales. En este marco, entra en desuso la visualización del individuo como un sujeto atomístico desvinculado del medio ambiente que le rodea. El objetivo de este libro es otorgar una visión multidisciplinaria al estudio de temas económicos incorporando visiones teóricas y empíricas procedentes de las ciencias sociales y naturales. La obra está compuesta por 16 capítulos agrupados en cuatro secciones. La primera parte, conglomera cinco capítulos en torno a los tópicos sectores productivos y crecimiento económico.Facultad de Economía. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Méxic