Evidencia morfológica y molecular de especiación críptica en morfotipos de colores simpátricos de Mycale (Carmia) cecilia (Porifera: Poecilosclerida) del Pacífico mexicano

Identifying cryptic species is pivotal for understanding marine biodiversity and optimizing strategies for its conservation. A robust understanding of poriferan diversity is a complex endeavour. It has also been extremely hampered by the high phenotypic plasticity and the limited number of diagnostic characters. Mycale (Carmia) cecilia has different body colours, even among individuals living together. We tested whether the colour variation could be due to polymorphism, phenotypic plasticity or cryptic speciation. Phylogenetic reconstructions of nuclear and mitochondrial loci were congruent. Individuals of different body colour did not cluster together and had high levels of genetic divergence. Furthermore, the green morphotype clustered in almost all reconstructions with Mycale (C.) phyllophila, as both showed higher gene similarity at the transcriptomic level (public transcriptome). Morphologically, the green individuals consistently showed discrepancies from the red ones. These results suggest that all individuals with the same body colour, either red or green, correspond to the same species, while individuals with different body colours probably belong to different species. These results reveal high levels of morphologic and genetic diversity, which could have important implications for what is known as M. (C.) cecilia and the Mycalidae systematics.Identificar especies crípticas es fundamental para comprender la biodiversidad marina y optimizar estrategias para su conservación. Una comprensión sólida de la diversidad de los poríferos es una tarea compleja; puesto que ha sido extremadamente obstaculizada debido a la alta plasticidad fenotípica y al número limitado de caracteres diagnósticos. Mycale (Carmia) cecilia tiene diferentes colores corporales incluso en individuos que viven uno al lado del otro. Probamos si la variación de color podría deberse a polimorfismos, plasticidad fenotípica o especiación críptica. Las reconstrucciones filogenéticas de loci nucleares y mitocondriales fueron congruentes. Los individuos de diferente color corporal no se agrupaban y tenían altos niveles de divergencia genética. El morfotipo verde se agrupó en casi todas las reconstrucciones con Mycale (C.) phyllophila, mostrando también una elevada similitud genética a nivel transcriptómico (transcriptoma público). Morfológicamente, los individuos verdes mostraron consistentemente discrepancias con los individuos rojos. Estos resultados sugieren que todos los individuos con el mismo color corporal ya sea rojo o verde corresponden a la misma especie, mientras que los individuos con diferentes colores corporales probablemente pertenecen a especies diferentes. Estos resultados revelan altos niveles de diversidad morfológica y genética, lo que podría tener implicaciones importantes para lo que se conoce como M. (C.) cecilia y la sistemática Mycalidae

Mis casos clínicos de especialidades odontológicas

Libro que muestra la atención de casos clínicos particulares referente a las diferentes especialidades odontológicasLibro que muestra la atención de casos clínicos particulares referente a las diferentes especialidades odontológicasUniversidad Autónoma de Campeche Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Méxic

Plakortis Schulze 1880

Genus Plakortis Schulze, 1880 Synonymy. Plakortis Schulze, 1880: 449; Placortis Topsent, 1895: 557; Roosa de Laubenfels, 1934: 2 (after Topsent, 1937: 7). Type species. Plakortis simplex Schulze, 1880: 430 (by original designation). Diagnosis. Thinly to massively encrusting plakinids with a skeleton mostly formed by small (50–200 µm) diods with triods in varying abundance. Deformed calthrops can be found in some specimens. Some species have microrhabds (5–20 µm) distributed regularly in the sponge body. Aquiferous system intermediate between sylleibid­like and leuconoid, with eurypylous choanocyte chambers regularly distributed around exhalant canals. Both ectosomal inhalant cavities and basal exhalant cavities are usually present. Skeleton confused, dense, without ectosomal specialization or differential location of spicules (Muricy & Díaz 2002).Published as part of Cruz-Barraza, José Antonio & Carballo, José Luis, 2005, First record of Plakortis Schulze (Porifera: Homosclerophorida) from the Northeast Pacific coast, with the description of Plakortis albicans sp. nov., pp. 1-12 in Zootaxa 868 on page 4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17087

Axinyssa isabela Carballo & Cruz-Barraza, 2008, sp. nov.

Axinyssa isabela sp. nov. (Figs. 2–5, Table 1) Material examined. Holotype: MNCN 1.01 / 620, Costa Fragatas (Isla Isabel, Nayarit), 21 º 50 ’ 40 ’’N, 105 º 52 ’ 46 ’’W, 10 m depth, 02/08/ 2005. Paratypes: BMNH 2008.4. 2.1, Cerro del Faro (Isla Isabel, Nayarit), 21 º 50 ’ 25 ’’N, 105 º 53 ’07’’W, 20 m depth, 02/08/ 2005. LEB-ICML-UNAM- 56, Bahía Tiburones (Isla Isabel, Nayarit), 21 º 50 ’ 33 ’’N, 105 º 53 ’ 10 ’’W, 12 m depth, 11 / 20 / 1999. LEB-ICML-UNAM- 67, Las Monas (Isla Isabel, Nayarit), 21 º 46 ’ 35 ’’N, 105 º 51 ’ 42 ’’W, 20 m depth, 11 / 21 / 1999. LEB-ICML-UNAM- 1050, Punta Bobo (Isla Isabel, Nayarit), 21 º 50 ’ 35 ’’N, 105 º 52 ’ 44 ’’W. 12 m depth, 12 /09/ 2003. LEB-ICML-UNAM- 1291, Playa Iguanas (Isla Isabel, Nayarit, México), 21 º 51 ’07’’N, 105 º 53 ’ 45 ’’W, 4 m depth, 02/08/ 2005. Diagnosis. Incrusting to massive amorphous, yellow sponge, with a firm, fleshy and compressible consistency. Surface is smooth to irregular conulose-microconulose. The choanosome has abundant collagen and a confused skeleton, with ascending single spicules or tracts, ending at the surface commonly in bouquets or single spicules causing a fine hispidation. The spicules are oxeas and derivates (stylotes and strongyles) in a wide size-range, from 200 –(546)– 780 µm long by 3 –(8.7)– 15 µm wide. Description. Incrusting cushion-shaped to massive amorphous (from 3 to 5 cm thick), sometimes lobate sponge, with rounded borders and apical oscules (Fig. 2 A–C). The species grows over rocky substrates, covering areas up to 17 x 12 cm. The surface varies within the same specimens; it can be smooth, although generally, it is irregular, conulose-micro-conulose and minutely hispid, due to the terminal part of the choanosomal spicule and tracts that form brushes on the surface (Fig. 3 A–G). Sometimes small raised ridges may be observed running over the surface. Subectosomal spaces from 0.5 to 1 mm in diameter. Subectosomal aquiferous canals (from 0.5 to 1.5 mm in diameter) are visible around some oscula. Circular or oval shaped oscula (1 to 6 mm in diameter) are scattered irregularly on the surface. They are flush with the surface of the sponge or slightly elevated by an ectosomal membrane. The consistency is firm, fleshy, compressible and resilient in life, but crumbly after preservation. The ectosome is a thin, translucent, partly detachable surface membrane. The choanosome is cavernous, with aquiferous channels very variable in size, from 70 µm to 1.5 mm in diameter. The color in life is light yellow-orange (Fig. 2 A–C). After fixation, the color becomes ochre or dark brown. Skeleton. Ectosome without a specialized skeleton, but with some spicules from peripheral choanosomal skeleton arranged criss-cross or paratangentially, protruding through the surface (Fig. 3). The subectosomal region is characterized by dense collagen with ascending single spicules or tracts and only few small sub-ectosomal channels (Fig. 4). The deeper choanosomal region is very cavernous, with abundant spongin as a collagen matrix. Skeletal arrangement is confused with ascending single spicules or grouped in tracts, becoming slightly more organized towards the periphery (Fig. 4). Spicules. The spicules are mainly oxeas, but derivatives like styles are commonly present. They are large and thin, lightly curved at the centre, or even flexuous. With symmetrical or asymmetrical ends and very variable tips; sharp, mucronate, stepped and blunt tips (Fig. 5). Spicules are present in a wide range of sizes but not divided into categories. Measurements: 200 –(546)– 780 µm long and 3 –(8.7)– 15 µm wide. Etymology. The specific epithet refers to Isla Isabel National Park where the specimens were collected. Distribution. Even though a great number of localities have been sampled along the Mexican Pacific coast during the last 8 years (see papers by Carballo et al.), Axinyssa isabela sp. nov. was only found at the National Park Isla Isabel (Nayarit, Mexican Pacific coast). The species is relatively common in vertical walls, small caves and overhangs at depths between 4 and 28 m at different localities of the island (Fig. 1). Remarks. Axinyssa isabela sp. nov. is a common sponge at Isla Isabel (Mexican Pacific coast), and constitutes the first record of Axinyssa for the East Pacific region. This species has characteristics typical of Axinyssa according to the most recent definition (Erpenbeck & van Soest 2002), and it also contains typical chemical compounds of this genus (Zubía et al., 2008). The closest species to Axinyssa isabela sp. nov. is A. ambrosia (de Laubenfels, 1936) described from the Dry Tortugas (Caribbean), and later reported widespread in the Caribbean (Diaz et al. 1993). Both species are quite similar but subtle morphological differences are present. A. isabela sp. nov. has a thin, translucent, partly detachable membranous layer, which is not present in A. ambrosia. The choanosome is also different, A. ambrosia presents a skeleton with spicules densely strewn in the interior. Toward the periphery this species exhibits radial tracts no longer than 2 to 3 spicule lengths, ending as small conules on the surface. On the other hand, A. isabela sp. nov. has a cavernous choanosome with spicules ascending singly or in tracts, becoming slightly more organized towards the periphery, with abundant collagen and relatively low spicular density. Both species also differ in spicule symmetry and dimensions. A. ambrosia presents fusiform and hastate oxeas, with transitional styloids and strongyloxeas. These are longer and thicker (from 425 to 925 µm long, and from 8 to 30 µm thick) than those seen in A. isabela sp. nov. The latter species presents thin, slightly curved or flexuous oxeas, with symmetrical or asymmetrical ends. Although the similarities between both species are high, we do not consider these species conspecific because of large differences in geographic distance and habitat (Diaz et al. 1993). In addition, we have found consistent morphological differences in skeletal organization and symmetry, as well as regarding the size of spicules, and natural products composition (Zubía et al. 2008). In fact, the levels of genetic differentiation found between an amphi-isthmic Spirastrella sibling pair, together with cytological and small but consistent morphological differences, clearly demonstrated that they belong to different biological species (Wulff 1996, Boury-Esnault et al, 1999). M. microsigmatosa (Carribean) and Mycale cecilia (Pacific Ocean) is another example of a trans-Isthmian species pair. They are two morphologically similar species, which were synonymized by Bergquist (1965), and later suggested as valid species on the basis of their geographical separation and small differences in spicule dimensions (Hajdu & Rützler, 1998). The closest sponge in the East Pacific ocean is Oxeostilon fernaldi (Sim & Bakus 1986) (now in Topsentia according to Erpenbeck & van Soest (2002). Both species are incrusting to massive yellow sponges, but Topsentia fernaldi has a dense and confused choanosomal skeleton and a compact ectosomal crust of oxeas, both with little spongin. In addition T. fernaldi has two size categories of oxeas, which differ in form and size from A. isabela sp. nov. spicules. Axinyssa isabela sp. nov. is also different from other Caribbean species such as A. flaveolivescens Hofman & Kielman, 1992, and A. lithophaga (Wiedenmayer, 1977). A flaveolivescens is described as an endolithic bright yellow sponge, which has large protrusions that emerge from dead coral. This species is clearly different from our species in external morphology and in the smaller size range of spicules (Table 1). A. lithophaga differs from A. isabela sp. nov. by having a purplish black external color and different spicule size and morphology, with fusiform oxeas and strongyloxeas, but true oxeas are rare. Large ones are larger than A. isabela sp. nov. spicules (230–1320 by 2–25 µm). Axinyssa. isabela sp. nov. also differs from the Indo-Pacific Axinyssa -species A. aplysinoides (Dendy, 1922) (cited by Hooper et al. 1997), Axinyssa oinops and Axinyssa pitys (de Laubenfels, 1954), Axinyssa radiata (Lévi & Lévi, 1983) and A. aplysinoides (Dendy, 1922) (see Table 1). Axinyssa oinops differs from A. isabela mainly by having a wine red color and a gelatinous consistency. Axinyssa pitys is different by having a dirty drab color, and a profusely cavernous surface. Axinyssa radiata is a cylindrical-massive ochre sponge with larger spicules (oxeas: 1500–2100 x 15–40; styles: 400 – 110 x 15 µm) than A. isabela sp. nov. Axinyssa specimens and species Shaped Color Spicules (oxeas-oxeotes) Distribution Pacific Axinyssa -speciesPublished as part of Carballo, José Luis & Cruz-Barraza, José Antonio, 2008, First record of Axinyssa Lendenfeld, 1897 (Demospongiae, Halichondrida) from the East Pacific Ocean, with the description of Axinyssa isabela sp. nov., pp. 58-68 in Zootaxa 1784 on pages 60-66, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18241

Haliclona Grant 1836

Subgenus <i>Haliclona</i> Grant, 1836 <p> Type species <i>Spongia oculata</i> Pallas, 1766 (by original designation).</p> <p> <i>Definition:</i> Choanosomal skeleton consisting of a very regular, ladder-like reticulation of uni- to paucispicular primary lines, regularly connected by unispicular secondary lines. Ectosomal skeleton, if present, is a unispicular, tangential, isotropic reticulation; occasionally with the oxeas ‘intercrossing’. Oxeas short, rather robust, fusiform or with acerated points. Spongin moderate to abundant. No microscleres (Weerdt 2002).</p>Published as part of <i>Cruz-Barraza, José Antonio & Carballo, José Luis, 2006, A new species of Haliclona (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida) living in association with Geodia media Bowerbank (Mexican Pacific coast), pp. 43-54 in Zootaxa 1343</i> on page 45, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/174434">10.5281/zenodo.174434</a&gt

Plakortis albicans Cruz-Barraza & Carballo, 2005, sp. nov.

Plakortis albicans sp. nov. M aterial examined. Holotype MNCN 1.01 / 353, Isla Lobos (Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México), 23 º 13 ’ 49 ’’N – 106 º 27 ’ 43 ’’W, 4 m depth, 03/ 20 / 2002, under rocks. Paratypes: BMNH: 2004.11. 2.1, Isla Lobos (Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México), 23 º 13 ’ 49 ’’N – 106 º 27 ’ 43 ’’W, 2 m depth, 11 / 16 / 2004, under rocks. LEB­ICML­UNAM­ 456, Isla Lobos (Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México), 23 º 13 ’ 49 ’’N – 106 º 27 ’ 43 ’’W, 4 m depth, 20 /03/ 2002, under rocks. LEB­ICML­ UNAM­ 1063, Isla Lobos (Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México), 23 º 13 ’ 49 ’’N – 106 º 27 ’ 43 ’’W, 3 m depth, 01/ 28 / 2004, under rocks. LEB­ICML­UNAM­ 1100, Isla Lobos (Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México), 23 º 13 ’ 49 ’’N – 106 º 27 ’ 43 ’’W, 3 m depth, 04/01/ 2004, under rocks. Diagnosis. White to ivory thickly incrusting Plakortis, sometimes with small purple patches with a surface sculptured with drainage subectosomic canals visible to the naked eye. Abundant diods in only one size class (12–137.5 µm long), triods always present, less frequent than the diods. Description. Thickly incrusting sponge from 1 to 4 mm in thickness, covering a maximum area of 9 cm in diameter (Fig. 2 a). The smallest specimens measure 1.5 by 1.2 cm (Fig. 2 b). The consistency is slightly compressible but firm, and the surface is smooth and sculptured with very characteristic drainage subectosomic canals (60–132.8 µm in diameter), which are visible to the naked eye in situ (Fig. 2 a, b), and in the preserved specimens. The surface is pierced by ectosomic pores of 18 to 50 µm in diameter, which are usually 10 to 25 µm apart. The canals converge on oscules, which are circular­shaped, 150 µm to 3 mm in diameter, and slightly elevated from the surface. Color in life is white to ivory, sometimes with small purple patches. The color is preserved in spirit, but it turns paler. The specimens were always collected under rocks. Spicules. The diods are very abundant; they are irregularly curved, sometimes bent one or two times near the middle of the shaft (Fig. 3 a, 4 a). The ends are asymmetrical, hastate or acerate. These diods are very variable in size, but only one size class is recognizable (Fig. 3 a, 4 a). They measure 12–137.5 µm long (64 µm in average), and 1.3–7.5 µm width (3.6 µm in average). Even though the triods are always present, they are less frequent than the diods. They are predominantly equal­angled, but they can also be irregular (Fig. 3 b, 4 b). The rays are mostly straight or slightly bent. The size of the rays is very variable, 6.3–47.5 µm long (23 µm in average) (Table 1). Skeleton. The ectosomal skeleton is a tangential alveolar arrangement of spicule tracts of 10 to 25 µm width formed mainly by smaller diods. The spicules tracts form meshes with amplitude of 18.9 to 50 µm in diameter (Fig. 5 a, b). The choanosomal skeleton is formed by a dense and relatively confused reticulation of spicule tracts, although a clear reticulation arrangement with meshes of 15 to 30 µm in amplitude is differentiated in some places (Fig. 5 c, d). The choanosome has abundant canals, 50 to 100 µm in diameter. Etymology. The specific name refers to its typical white color. Distribution and habitat. Isla Lobos in Mazatlán Bay (Sinaloa, Mexico, east Pacific Ocean) (Fig. 1). The specimens were collected in shallow water of 1 to 6 m depth and always under rocks.Published as part of Cruz-Barraza, José Antonio & Carballo, José Luis, 2005, First record of Plakortis Schulze (Porifera: Homosclerophorida) from the Northeast Pacific coast, with the description of Plakortis albicans sp. nov., pp. 1-12 in Zootaxa 868 on pages 4-9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17087

Plakinidae Schulze 1880

Family Plakinidae Schulze, 1880 Diagnosis. See Muricy & Díaz 2002Published as part of Cruz-Barraza, José Antonio & Carballo, José Luis, 2005, First record of Plakortis Schulze (Porifera: Homosclerophorida) from the Northeast Pacific coast, with the description of Plakortis albicans sp. nov., pp. 1-12 in Zootaxa 868 on page 4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17087

Axinyssa Lendenfeld 1897

Genus Axinyssa Lendenfeld, 1897 Diagnosis. Massive, lobate or tubular sponges with a finely conulose surface. The ectosomal region is lacking a distinct surface skeleton, largely organic, tough, with sparsely scattered spicules and protruding spicule bundles. The choanosomal skeleton is disorganized, with spicules strewn in confusion and/or composed of vaguely ascending, widely spaced vertical tracts of large oxeas or strongyloxeas, forming loose bundles. The choanosome has poor or moderate spongin development, but heavy interspicular collagen; spicule density is relatively low. Spicules oxeas, strongyloxeas or stylote modifications, usually of only one size class (Erpenbeck & van Soest 2002).Published as part of Carballo, José Luis & Cruz-Barraza, José Antonio, 2008, First record of Axinyssa Lendenfeld, 1897 (Demospongiae, Halichondrida) from the East Pacific Ocean, with the description of Axinyssa isabela sp. nov., pp. 58-68 in Zootaxa 1784 on page 59, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18241

Clionaidae D' ORBIGNY 1851

FAMILY CLIONAIDAE D’ ORBIGNY, 1851 Diagnosis: Hadromerida with limestone-excavating capability, having tylostyles as principal megascleres, in some specimens generally accompanied by oxeas or styloid modifications. Miroscleres may be absent entirely or in some specimens or populations. If present, they include spirasters, amphiasters, microxeas, microrhabds or rhaphides; some spirasters display secondary branching of spines, microrhabds may be smooth or microspined, straight, bent, or spiral (Rützler, 2002a).Published as part of Carballo, José Luis, Cruz-Barraza, José Antonio & Gómez, Patricia, 2004, Taxonomy and description of clionaid sponges (Hadromerida, Clionaidae) from the Pacific Ocean of Mexico, pp. 353-397 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 141 (3) on page 354, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00126.x, http://zenodo.org/record/543093