How do agroforest trees affect the supply of regulating ecosystem services?

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Taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Mycosphaerella and its anamorphs

Historically plant pathogenic species of Mycosphaerella have been regarded as host-specific, though this hypothesys has proven difficult to test largely due to the inavailability of fungal cultures. During the course of the past 20 years a concerted effort has been made to collect these fungi, and devise methods to cultivate them. Based on subsequent DNA sequence analyses the majority of these species were revealed to be host-specific, though some were not, suggesting that no general rule can be applied. Furthermore, analysis of recent molecular data revealed Mycosphaerella to be poly- and paraphyletic. Teleomorph morphology was shown to be too narrowly defined in some cases, and again too widely in others. Mycosphaerella and Teratosphaeria as presently circumscribed represent numerous different genera, many of which can be recognised based on the morphology of their 30 odd associated anamorph genera. Although Mycosphaerella is generally accepted to represent one of the largest genera of ascomycetous fungi, these data suggest that this is incorrect, and that Mycosphaerella should be restricted to taxa linked to Ramularia anamorphs. Furthermore, other anamorph form genera with Mycosphaerella-like teleomorphs appear to represent genera in their own right

The enigma of Calonectria species occurring on leaves of Ilex aquifolium in Europe

Species of Calonectria are common saprobes and plant pathogens on a wide range of hosts occurring in subtropical to tropical regions of the world. The aim of the present study was to resolve the status of new Calonectria collections obtained on Ilex leaves from France. Based on DNA sequence data of their b-tubulin and histone gene regions, as well as morphology, the new collections matched the ex-type strain of Cylindrocladium ilicicola. On the host and in culture, yellow to brownish-yellow perithecia were observed that did not strain red in 3 % KOH. Based on these results, C. ilicicola and its purported teleomorph, Ca. pyrochroa, were shown to represent two distinct species, as the latter has bright red perithecia that strain purple in KOH. A new combination, Ca. lauri, based on Tetracytum lauri, is subsequently proposed for C. ilicicola. Calonectria lauri is distinct from Ca. ilicicola, a pathogen commonly associated with Cylindrocladium black rot of peanut. Finally, Ca. canadiana is proposed asnew name for Cy. canadiense, which is a nursery pathogen involved with root rot of several tree genera in Quebec, Canada

Colletotrichum species with curved conidia from herbaceous hosts

Colletotrichum (Glomerellaceae, Sordariomycetes) species with dark setae and curved conidia are known as anthracnose pathogens of a number of economically important hosts and are often identified as C. dematium. Colletotrichum dematium has been synonymised with many species, including the type of the genus, C. lineola. Since there is no living strain of the original material of either species available, we re-collected C. lineola from the original location to serve as an epitype of that name, and chose an appropriate epitype specimen and associated strain of C. dematium from the CBS collection. A multilocus molecular phylogenetic analysis (ITS, ACT, Tub2, CHS-1, GAPDH, HIS3) of 97 isolates of C. lineola, C. dematium and other Colletotrichum species with curved conidia from herbaceous hosts resulted in 20 clades, with 12 clades containing strains that had previously been identified as C. dematium. The epitype strains of C. lineola and C. dematium reside in two closely related clades. Other clades represent four previously undescribed species, C. anthrisci, C. liriopes, C. rusci and C. verruculosum, isolated respectively from Anthriscus in the Netherlands, Liriope in Mexico, Ruscus in Italy and Crotalaria in Zimbabwe. The new combinations C. spaethianum and C. tofieldiae are made. Colletotrichum truncatum is epitypified, as well as C. circinans, C. curcumae and C. fructi. Three further unidentified Colletotrichum taxa were detected in the phylogenetic analysis, which may require description after further research. Each species is comprehensively described and illustrate

Fungal phoenix rising from the ashes?

During May 2010, sporocarps of what appeared to be an Armillaria sp. were found in large clumps in historic Kirstenbosch Botanical Gardens on the foot of Table Mountain, Cape Town, South Africa. These sporocarps could be physically linked to the roots of unidentified dead trees and Protea spp. The aim of this study was to identify the Armillaria sp. found fruiting in Kirstenbosch. To achieve this goal isolates were made from the mycelium under the bark of dead roots linked to sporocarps. The ITS and IGS-1 regions were sequenced and compared to sequences of Armillaria spp. available on GenBank. Cladograms were generated using ITS sequences to determine the phylogenetic relationship of the isolates with other Armillaria spp. Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses showed that the isolates represented A. mellea. They were also identical to isolates of this species previously discovered in the Company Gardens in South Africa and introduced from Europe apparently by the early Dutch Settlers. Armillaria mellea is alien and apparently invasive in Cape Town, fruits profusely and has the potential to spread to sensitive native forests on the foothills of the City

Mycosphaerella podagrariae - a necrotrophic phytopathogen forming a special cellular interaction with its host Aegopodium podagraria

We present a new kind of cellular interaction found between Mycosphaerella podagrariae and Aegopodium podagraria, which is remarkably different to the interaction type of the obligate biotrophic fungus Cymadothea trifolii, another member of the Mycosphaerellaceae (Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota) which we have described earlier. Observations are based on both conventional and cryofixed material and show that some features of this particular interaction are better discernable after chemical fixation. We were also able to generate sequences for nuclear ribosomal DNA (complete SSU, 5.8 S and flanking ITS-regions, D1–D3 region of the LSU) confirming the position of M. podagrariae within Mycosphaerellacea

Niche sharing reflects a poorly understood biodiversity phenomenon

Eucalyptus spp. are susceptible to a large number of foliar pathogens, some of which can cause serious defoliation and die-back. In this study, a single leaf spot on a Eucalyptus leaf collected in Madagascar revealed an unusual association of microfungi with disease symptoms. Initial observations indicated that the leaf spot was associated with Mycosphaerella marksii, a common pathogen of eucalypts. However, more intensive scrutiny showed the presence of several other microfungi co-occurring in this, and other leaf spots on the leaf. A total of 41 single conidial propagules were subsequently obtained from a single lesion for morphological study and DNA sequence comparisons. Based on these data, 11 members of the Capnodiales, including one species of Pestalotiopsis (Xylariales), were observed. Of the capnodialean taxa, nine could be cultivated, which revealed one known species, M. marksii, two taxa in the Cladosporium cladosporioides species complex that were not treated here, and six new species, including Passalora intermedia, Pseudocercospora madagascariensis, Teratosphaeria hortaea, Toxicocladosporium chlamydosporum, T. rubrigenum and T. veloxum. Results of this study highlight a remarkable fungal biodiversity that can occur within a very specific niche. Furthermore, the results emphasise the importance of verifying the identity of fungal isolates in culture, as many taxa, especially those of the Capnodiales, frequently co-occur in the same niche, lesion or leaf spo

Influències clíniques i ambientals en la prevalença de mutacions en l'oncogèn K-ras en pacients amb adenocarcinoma ductal de pàncrees

Descripció del recurs: 27 gener 2010Antecedents La prevenció primària de l'adenocarcinoma ductal de pàncrees (ADP) està limitada per la falta de coneixement sobre la seva etiologia. El factor de risc més ben establert és el consum de tabac, però explica només una petita proporció de casos. Es discuteix el paper d'altres factors etiològics com els antecedents patològics de diabetis i pancreatitis, la dieta, determinades exposicions ambientals o laborals, i els factors hereditaris. Mutacions puntuals en l'oncogèn K-ras, i la seva conseqüent activació, són presents en més del 80% dels casos d'ADP; és un dels esdeveniments genètics fonamentals perquè el càncer tingui lloc. L'activació d'aquest oncogèn dóna lloc a gran varietat de respostes, des de l'augment de la proliferació cel·lular fins a la inhibició de l'apoptosi, en funció del context cel·lular. Els gens Ras són dianes crítiques per als carcinògens químics; els càncers de pàncrees amb i sense mutacions en l'oncogèn K-ras probablement es desenvolupen a partir de diferents interaccions gen-ambient. Tot i això, els estils de vida i les exposicions ambientals que poden influir en la presència de mutacions en el gen K-ras són pràcticament desconeguts. L'objectiu general d'aquesta tesi és estudiar la relació entre la prevalença de mutacions en el codó 12 de l'oncogèn K-ras i diferents factors ambientals (consum de tabac i alcohol), clínics (antecedents patològics) i genètics (polimorfismes en el gen CYP1B1), en pacients amb ADP. Metodologia La tesi s'emmarca en el projecte PANKRAS II, un estudi multicèntric prospectiu sobre el paper de les mutacions en l'oncogèn K-ras i altres alteracions genètiques en el diagnòstic, el pronòstic i l'etiologia del càncer de pàncrees exocrí. Es van reclutar 602 pacients procedents de 5 hospitals generals del nord-est de la península ibèrica amb patologies relacionades amb el pàncrees, dels quals 185 eren pacients amb ADP. Es va entrevistar personalment més del 85% dels pacients per obtenir informació sociodemogràfica, clínica (antecedents patològics i història familiar de càncer) o sobre els seus estils de vida (dieta, ocupació o hàbits tòxics); paral·lelament es van revisar les històries clíniques d'aquests pacients. Finalment es van realitzar anàlisis moleculars de gens implicats en el procés de carcinogènesi pancreàtica (K-ras, TP53, p-16/CDKN2, SMAD4/DPC4, BRCA2 o CFTR). L'anàlisi de l'associació entre la prevalença de mutacions en l'oncogèn K-ras i els diferents factors clínics, ambientals i genètics s'ha realitzat mitjançant regressió logística no condicional. Resultats i discussió Tot i que el consum de tabac és el factor de risc més ben establert i les mutacions en l'oncogèn K-ras un esdeveniment fonamental en l'etiologia de l'ADP, els nostres resultats mostren que no existeix associació entre ambdós factors. Els carcinògens del tabac presents en el teixit pancreàtic, les nitrosamines, serien les responsables d'alteracions en gens que intervenen en estadis més tardans del desenvolupament del càncer; alhora, altres carcinògens del tabac amb capacitat per activar K-ras, com els hidrocarburs aromàtics policíclics, no tindrien el pàncrees com a òrgan diana. Els carcinògens del tabac intervenen en la carcinogènesi pancreàtica per vies alternatives a l'activació de K-ras. El gen citocrom P4501B1 (CYP1B1) codifica un enzim metabolitzador de carcinògens i estrògens amb un rol important en la bioactivació de procarcinògens ambientals. En les reaccions de detoxificació es generen productes capaços d'unir-se al DNA formant adductes, que poden ser els responsables de les mutacions activadores en l'oncogèn K-ras. Els nostres resultats mostren que el genotip homozigot per l'al·lel valina en el locus m1 del gen CYP1B1, augmenta de risc de tenir un ADP amb mutacions en l'oncogèn K-ras; aquest genotip estaria associat a una activitat detoxificadora més pobra i, en conseqüència, a un procés deficient de biotransformació, metabolització i eliminació de tòxics de l'organisme, que serien l'origen de mutacions en l'oncogèn K-ras. Les mutacions en l'oncogèn K-ras són presents en estadis molt inicials del procés carcinogènic pancreàtic, i també en el teixit de pacients amb pancreatitis o diabetis; ambdues patologies considerades possibles factors de risc per l'ADP. Els nostres resultats mostren que els antecedents patològics de diabetis tipus 2 (DM-2) i de pancreatitis no són més freqüents en els casos d'ADP amb mutacions a K-ras. Així doncs, en pacients d'ADP, tant els antecedents de DM-2 com els de pancreatitis semblen estar associats amb vies d'activació de la carcinogènesi pancreàtica independents de K-ras, potser lligats al dany que pateix el teixit pancreàtic com a conseqüència de la inflamació crònica a la que està sotmès i a mediadors de la resposta inflamatòria, entre d'altres. Tot i que es discuteix el paper del consum d'alcohol en la carcinogènesi pancreàtica, tant l'etanol com el seu metabòlit, l'acetaldehid, estan reconeguts com a carcinògens en humans. Els nostres resultats mostren que el consum d'alcohol al llarg de la vida està associat amb la presència de mutacions en l'oncogèn K-ras en pacients amb ADP. Els efectes carcinogènics i mutagènics de l'etanol i l'acetaldehid podrien jugar un paper important en l'aparició de les mutacions en l'oncogèn K-ras en l'epiteli pancreàtic.Background The primary prevention of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) cancer is hampered by limited knowledge on its etiology. Tobacco consumption is the best established risk factor, but it explains only a small fraction of cases. It is currently being discussed the role of other etiologic factors including diet, medical history, environmental and occupational exposures, or genetic susceptibility. Activating point mutations in the K-ras oncogene are one of the fundamental genetic events leading to PDA; at diagnosis, about 80% of PDA cases harbour mutations in codon 12 of K-ras. Depending on the cellular and molecular context, oncogenic K-ras activation can result in a wide variety of responses ranging from the activation of a senescence programme to an increased cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis. Ras genes are critical targets for chemical carcinogens; K-ras-mutated and wild-type cancers may develop through pathways involving different gene-environment interactions. Although mutations in K-ras are the most frequent alteration of oncogenes in human cancer, the potential lifestyle and environmental influences on their occurrence and persistence are largely unknown. The main objective of the present thesis is to assess the relationship between activating mutations in codon 12 of the K-ras oncogene and environmental, clinical, and genetic factors, (specifically tobacco and alcohol consumption, medical history and genetic polymorphisms in CYP1B1) in patients with PDA. Methodology This thesis is developed in the context of the PANKRAS II project, a multicentre prospective study on the role of mutations in the K-ras oncogene and other genetic alterations in the diagnosis, prognosis and etiology of exocrine pancreatic cancer. A total of 602 subjects were recruited at five general hospitals in the eastern Mediterranean part of Spain; among them, 185 were incident cases of PDA. Over 85% of the patients were interviewed face-to-face during hospital stay, close to the time of diagnosis. Interviews included questions about lifestyle, past clinical history, symptoms, occupation, diet, coffee, alcohol and tobacco consumption. A structured form was used to collect clinicopathological information from medical records, including details on diagnostic procedures, laboratory results and follow-up care. Molecular analyses of genes involved in pancreatic carcinogenesis were also undertaken (i.e., K-ras, TP53, p-16/CDKN2, SMAD4/DPC4, BRCA2 or CFTR). The association between the presence of K-ras mutations and clinical, environmental and genetic factors was assessed by unconditional logistic regression. Results and discussion While both smoking and K-ras mutations have important roles in the etiopathogenesis of PDA, our results show no association between the presence of K-ras mutations and tobacco consumption in PDA patients; the two processes may act independently in pancreatic carcinogenesis. Carcinogens from tobacco smoke detected in pancreatic tissue (nitrosamines) might be the responsible of other genetic alterations that act late in the carcinogenic process. On the other hand, pancreatic tissue is not a target organ for tobacco carcinogens that could activate oncogenic K-ras (such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). Tobacco does not play a major part in the acquisition of K-ras mutations in the pancreatic epithelium. Cytochrome P4501B1 (CYP1B1) is a carcinogen and estrogen-metabolizing enzyme with an important role in the bioactivation of some environmental procarcinogens. The oxidant steps catalyzed by this enzyme create more reactive intermediates that are able to bind with DNA, leading to DNA adduct formation and genetic mutations. Our results suggest that CYP1B1 polymorphisms might influence interindividual differences in susceptibility to pancreatic cancer by the acquisition of K-ras mutations. Val/Val genotype increases the probability of having a K-ras mutated PDA; this genotype might be associated with poor detoxification activity and, consequently, with an impaired elimination of some environmental toxics that can react with DNA to form stable adducts, which may favor mutations in K-ras. Activating point mutations in the K-ras oncogene are present in early stages of the PDA development, and have been also detected in pancreatic tissue from patients with diabetes and pancreatitis, both considered as risk factors for PDA. Our results show no association between the presence of K-ras mutations and medical history of diabetes or pancreatitis in PDA patients. Medical history of pancreatitis and diabetes may favor pancreatic carcinogenesis through pathways independent of K-ras activation; chronic inflammation causes a gradual damage of pancreatic tissue that might contribute to carcinogenic transformation of acinar pancreatic cells through molecular alterations not involving K-ras mutations

Potencialitats de la tecnologia Wlan i la telefonia mòbil en la gestió de la mobilitat

Estudi sobre les potencials aplicacions de la tecnologia Wlan en la gestió de la mobilitat, en comparació amb la telefonia mòbil de tercera generació. S'inclou un recull dels Its actuals i un estudi previ de la implementació teòrica de la tecnologia en les rondes de Barcelon