Exocytosis and Endocytosis in Neuroendocrine Cells: Inseparable Membranes!

International audienceAlthough much has been learned concerning the mechanisms of secretory vesicle formation and fusion at donor and acceptor membrane compartments, relatively little attention has been paid toward understanding how cells maintain a homeostatic membrane balance through vesicular trafficking. In neurons and neuroendocrine cells, release of neurotrans-mitters, neuropeptides, and hormones occurs through calcium-regulated exocytosis at the plasma membrane. To allow recycling of secretory vesicle components and to preserve organelles integrity, cells must initiate and regulate compensatory membrane uptake. This review relates the fate of secretory granule membranes after full fusion exocytosis in neuroendocrine cells. In particular, we focus on the potential role of lipids in preserving and sorting secretory granule membranes after exocytosis and we discuss the potential mechanisms of membrane retrieval

Secretion in pheochromocytomas : impact in tumor development and role of the Rho GTPases

La sécrétion d'hormones et de neuropeptides par les cellules neuroendocrines est assurée par un processus d'exocytose, contrôlé notamment par les GTPases Rho. La compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires régulant la sécrétion neuroendocrine est primordiale. En effet, la majorité des cancers neuroendocrines tels que les phéochromocytomes, sont associés à une perturbation du processus de sécrétion. Actuellement, les mécanismes moléculaires qui induisent de telles perturbations de la sécrétion ainsi que l’impact de l’activité sécrétrice sur le développement des tumeurs neuroendocrines ne sont pas élucidés. Mes travaux de thèse proposent pour la première fois un lien fonctionnel direct entre l'activité sécrétrice des cellules et la vitesse de développement des phéochromocytomes ainsi qu’une altération des voies moléculaires impliquant certaines protéines Rho, en démontrant un lien entre la baisse de l’activité de Rac1 et Cdc42 observée dans les phéochromocytomes et la diminution de l’expression de leurs régulateurs ARHGEF1 et FARP1.Neuroendocrine cells secrete hormones and neuropeptides through calcium-regulated exocytosis, controlled especially by Rho GTPases. Neuroendocrine tumours, such pheochromocytomas, are generally associated with a dysfunction of secretion. Although this aspect is well known by clinicians, it has never been explored at the molecular level. Moreover, the potential link between secretion and tumour development remains uninvestigated. Altogether, our results demonstrate for the first time the importance of secretion in tumor development of pheochromocytomas and an alteration of the Rho GTPase pathway, by demonstrating a link between the inhibition of Rac1 and Cdc42 activity observed in pheochromocytomas and the decrease of their activators ARHGEF1 and FARP1 expression

Sécrétion des phéochromocytomes : impact sur le développement tumoral et rôle des GTPases Rho

Neuroendocrine cells secrete hormones and neuropeptides through calcium-regulated exocytosis, controlled especially by Rho GTPases. Neuroendocrine tumours, such pheochromocytomas, are generally associated with a dysfunction of secretion. Although this aspect is well known by clinicians, it has never been explored at the molecular level. Moreover, the potential link between secretion and tumour development remains uninvestigated. Altogether, our results demonstrate for the first time the importance of secretion in tumor development of pheochromocytomas and an alteration of the Rho GTPase pathway, by demonstrating a link between the inhibition of Rac1 and Cdc42 activity observed in pheochromocytomas and the decrease of their activators ARHGEF1 and FARP1 expression.La sécrétion d'hormones et de neuropeptides par les cellules neuroendocrines est assurée par un processus d'exocytose, contrôlé notamment par les GTPases Rho. La compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires régulant la sécrétion neuroendocrine est primordiale. En effet, la majorité des cancers neuroendocrines tels que les phéochromocytomes, sont associés à une perturbation du processus de sécrétion. Actuellement, les mécanismes moléculaires qui induisent de telles perturbations de la sécrétion ainsi que l’impact de l’activité sécrétrice sur le développement des tumeurs neuroendocrines ne sont pas élucidés. Mes travaux de thèse proposent pour la première fois un lien fonctionnel direct entre l'activité sécrétrice des cellules et la vitesse de développement des phéochromocytomes ainsi qu’une altération des voies moléculaires impliquant certaines protéines Rho, en démontrant un lien entre la baisse de l’activité de Rac1 et Cdc42 observée dans les phéochromocytomes et la diminution de l’expression de leurs régulateurs ARHGEF1 et FARP1

Secretion in pheochromocytomas : impact in tumor development and role of the Rho GTPases

La sécrétion d'hormones et de neuropeptides par les cellules neuroendocrines est assurée par un processus d'exocytose, contrôlé notamment par les GTPases Rho. La compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires régulant la sécrétion neuroendocrine est primordiale. En effet, la majorité des cancers neuroendocrines tels que les phéochromocytomes, sont associés à une perturbation du processus de sécrétion. Actuellement, les mécanismes moléculaires qui induisent de telles perturbations de la sécrétion ainsi que l’impact de l’activité sécrétrice sur le développement des tumeurs neuroendocrines ne sont pas élucidés. Mes travaux de thèse proposent pour la première fois un lien fonctionnel direct entre l'activité sécrétrice des cellules et la vitesse de développement des phéochromocytomes ainsi qu’une altération des voies moléculaires impliquant certaines protéines Rho, en démontrant un lien entre la baisse de l’activité de Rac1 et Cdc42 observée dans les phéochromocytomes et la diminution de l’expression de leurs régulateurs ARHGEF1 et FARP1.Neuroendocrine cells secrete hormones and neuropeptides through calcium-regulated exocytosis, controlled especially by Rho GTPases. Neuroendocrine tumours, such pheochromocytomas, are generally associated with a dysfunction of secretion. Although this aspect is well known by clinicians, it has never been explored at the molecular level. Moreover, the potential link between secretion and tumour development remains uninvestigated. Altogether, our results demonstrate for the first time the importance of secretion in tumor development of pheochromocytomas and an alteration of the Rho GTPase pathway, by demonstrating a link between the inhibition of Rac1 and Cdc42 activity observed in pheochromocytomas and the decrease of their activators ARHGEF1 and FARP1 expression

Rho GTPases, phosphoinositides, and actin

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Inhibition of Cdc42 and Rac1 activities in pheochromocytoma, the adrenal medulla tumor

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Intersectin: The Crossroad between Vesicle Exocytosis and Endocytosis

International audienceIntersectins (ITSNs) are a family of highly conserved proteins with orthologs from nematodes to mammals. In vertebrates, ITSNs are encoded by two genes (itsn1 and itsn2), which act as scaffolds that were initially discovered as proteins involved in endocytosis. Further investigation demonstrated that ITSN1 is also implicated in several other processes including regulated exocytosis, thereby suggesting a role for ITSN1 in the coupling between exocytosis and endocytosis in excitatory cells. Despite a high degree of conservation amongst orthologs, ITSN function is not so well preserved as they have acquired new properties during evolution. In this review, we will discuss the role of ITSN1 and its orthologs in exo-and endocytosis, in particular in neurons and neuroendocrine cells

Oligophrenin-1 Connects Exocytotic Fusion to Compensatory Endocytosis in Neuroendocrine Cells

International audienceOligophrenin-1 (OPHN1) is a protein with multiple domains including a Rho family GTPase-activating (Rho-GAP) domain, and a Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs (BAR) domain. Involved in X-linked intellectual disability, OPHN1 has been reported to control several synaptic functions, including synaptic plasticity, synaptic vesicle trafficking, and endocytosis. In neuroendocrine cells, hormones and neuropep-tides stored in large dense core vesicles (secretory granules) are released through calcium-regulated exocytosis, a process that is tightly coupled to compensatory endocytosis, allowing secretory granule recycling. We show here that OPHN1 is expressed and mainly localized at the plasma membrane and in the cytosol in chromaffin cells from adrenal medulla. Using carbon fiber amperometry, we found that exocytosis is impaired at the late stage of membrane fusion in Ophn1 knockout mice and OPHN1-silenced bovine chromaffin cells. Experiments performed with ectopically expressed OPHN1 mutants indicate that OPHN1 requires its Rho-GAP domain to control fusion pore dynamics. On the other hand, compensatory endocytosis assessed by measuring dopamine-␤-hydroxylase (secretory granule membrane) internalization is severely inhibited in Ophn1 knockout chromaffin cells. This inhibitory effect is mimicked by the expression of a truncated OPHN1 mutant lacking the BAR domain, demonstrating that the BAR domain implicates OPHN1 in granule membrane recapture after exocytosis. These findings reveal for the first time that OPHN1 is a bifunctional protein that is able, through distinct mechanisms, to regulate and most likely link exocytosis to compensatory endocytosis in chromaffin cells

PIKfyve activity regulates reformation of terminal storage lysosomes from endolysosomes

International audienceThe protein complex composed of the kinase PIKfyve, the phosphatase FIG4 and the scaffolding protein VAC14 regulates the metabolism of phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate, which serves as both a signaling lipid and the major precursor for phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate. This complex is involved in the homeostasis of late endocytic compartments, but its precise role in maintaining the dynamic equilibrium of late endosomes, endolysosomes and lysosomes remains to be determined. Here, we report that inhibition of PIKfyve activity impairs terminal lysosome reformation from acidic and hydrolase-active, but enlarged endolysosomes. Our live-cell imaging and electron tomography data show that PIKfyve activity regulates extensive membrane remodeling that initiates reformation of lysosomes from endolysosomes. Altogether, our findings show that PIKfyve activity is required to maintain the dynamic equilibrium of late endocytic compartments by regulating the reformation of terminal storage lysosomes. K E Y W O R D S electron tomography, endolysosome, FIG4, lysosome reformation, phosphoinositides, PtdIns (3,5)P2, PIKfyve, VAC1