Enhancing maya women's development through cooperative associations:what factors support or restrict the contribution of cooperatives?

With the aim of contributing to the development of Mayan women living in the Yucatan Peninsula, this research focused on determine the factors that support or inhibit the sustainability of micro-businesses cooperatives, which are organizations with innovative elements that allow Mayan women to work within their communities with flexible schedules, which contributes to family unity, strengthening their self-esteem and community recognition. However, many of these initiatives hardly remain in the market, due to this, the research investigated the motivations of the Mayan women to undertake these micro-businesses, the elements of success that indicate the best practices in this type of initiatives, the implementation process of a national and foreign fund using Contextual Interaction Theory as a frame of reference and, finally, the contribution of cooperatives to the food sovereignty of Mayan women. This dissertation is divided into chapters whose elements are described as follows: Chapter 1 provides an overview of the study presenting the theoretical framework and methodology selected, as well the research questions which guided the dissertation. The theoretical framework was diverse, with a strong influence of the Theory of Social Economy in relation to Buen Vivir, which is a cosmogonic vision of the indigenous peoples, where the human being is interrelated with the environment, taking into account that natural resources are indispensable for their survival. The reflections of Freire, Seglow, Bandura and Simon among others, enriched this work which maintained a perspective of gender equity and social inclusion. Chapter 2 reflects on the motivations of the women participating in these micro-businesses cooperatives, which go beyond of obtaining an additional income, the women think and make choices as mothers in a constant search for the well-being of their children, although sometimes, forgetting their own. The education and nutrition of their children are their priority, working to avoid family disintegration as a consequence of the migration of their husbands and sons, which are also relevant factors. Chapter 3 describes success stories found in the region, considering success in relation to business sustainability over time. These cases were distinguished by continuing in the market, which was confirmed until the end of this investigation. The elements found were social capital, understood as support networks that benefited the permanence of micro-business in the market, monitoring or follow-up activities carried out by representatives of the organizations that supported these initiatives economically, and ethical leadership, which represents an alternative of doing businesses based on honest work in counterpart with the serious problems of corruption that Mexican society has to dealt with. Chapter 4 and Chapter 5 are complementary, since they serve to make a comparison between the implementation of national and international funds in the same region. Both are productive programs whose beneficiaries were indigenous Mayan women living in rural areas. The programs analyzed were the Program of Productive Organization for Indigenous Women (POPMI), which was administered by the National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples (CDI) and the Canada Fund for Local Initiatives (CFLI) a program which was part of the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). CIDA was a Canadian federal agency which, until 2013, promoted female entrepreneurship initiatives among Maya women in the Yucatan Peninsula. Both programs were analyzed using Contextual Interaction Theory. Chapter 6 analyzes the contribution of working in cooperatives to among others the food sovereignty of the participants, with women who work in groups in relation to those who work independently in the same communities. In these villages with strong patriarchal structures, the independence of women is not easily accepted and is even questioned by other women. Because of that, it was interesting to contrast their perceptions on what the work brought them, which deepened the knowledge about self-reliance aspects related to food sovereignty. Chapter 7 makes a final reflection in the form of a response to the research questions, formulating recommendations for the implementation of public policies and productive programs both at regional and international levels, taking into account empirical evidence found in field research activities. This information will be available to the organizations who contribute to the welfare of indigenous women, since entrepreneurship is one of the available ways to foster development

Inclusive educational practices in rural communities of the Yucatan Peninsula

In southeast Mexico, Maya girls have to memorize and repeat without fully understanding the subjects taught, practices commonly seen in rural villages due to the lack of acceptance of multilingualism in the classroom and failure in incorporating indigenous knowledge in the pedagogical practices. Additionally, gender norms limit even more their participation in school. Therefore, this research aims to analyze inclusive educational practices from the experience of rural teachers who favored the educational advancement of girls in Maya communities. For this purpose, this study was developed under a variety of mixed research methods that included a quantitative data from institutions dedicated to the promotion of the educational rights of women and indigenous peoples in Mexico and the world. These were used to sketch the context of the educational practices. The use and implementation of the educational practices themselves was studies by a qualitative methodology with semi-structured interviews revealing the narrative of the work and educational experiences of rural teachers. It was found that indigenous education policies promote gender and ethnocultural equality by integrating knowledge, cultural practices and the valuing of linguistic diversity in the rural classroom; however, in practice, the teaching of Spanish prevails over the Mayan language. In addition, poverty, gender norms and the lack of basic services that still prevail in rural communities hinder both girls and boys to achieve higher levels of education

¿Existe el Enigma de la Prima de Riesgo en el Mercado Bursátil Colombiano? 1993-2002

En este estudio se busca determinar la existencia del enigma de la prima de riesgo para las acciones en el mercado bursátil colombiano y estimar el coeficiente de aversión al riesgo del inversionista representativo con base en los rendimientos ofrecidos por dicho mercado. El período de análisis está comprendido entre diciembre de 1993 y diciembre de 2002. Con este fin se utiliza el modelo de valoración de activos con agente representativo con dos funciones de utilidad: CRRA y formación del hábito. Se concluye que, a diferencia de la evidencia reportada en diversos mercados desarrollados y en desarrollo, en el mercado colombiano no se encuentra evidencia de la existencia del enigma. Tal como es de esperarse por la baja volatilidad del consumo y por la baja covarianza entre ésta y la tasa de rendimiento de las acciones, el coeficiente de aversión al riesgo característico del inversionista colombiano es cercano a cero.In this study we search for evidence of the existence of the equity premium puzzle in the colombian stock market and to estimate the risk aversion of a representative investor in this market. This study covers the period December 1993 – January 2002. For that propose we used the asset pricing model with a representative agent based on two different utility functions: CRRA and habit formation. We conclude that different than of the reported evidence in several developed and developing markets, in the Colombian stock market there is no evidence of the puzzle. As it is expected from by the low volatility of consumption and the low covariance between this one and the returns from stocks, the risk aversion coefficient characteristic of an investor in this market is close to zero

Diseño de un juego económico experimental Sobre estrategias de manejo sostenible de Recursos de uso común

Los recursos de uso común son considerados ecosistemas importantes para el mundo. No obstante,están sujetos a una degradación por la utilización excesiva. Tal situación se presenta por suscaracterísticas de no exclusión y rivalidad. Con el objetivo de encontrar estrategias de manejosostenible de recursos naturales de uso común, se construyó un juego experimental que facilita lacaptura del comportamiento de los agentes sobre el manejo de los recursos pesqueros. Estametodología permite comprobar si los individuos, cuando tienen libre acceso del recurso, extraenlas unidades predichas por el equilibrio de Nash para juegos no cooperativos, y si bajo determinadasestrategias de manejo, es posible reducir las extracciones a los niveles del óptimo socialestablecidos desde la teoría. Como resultado del diseño del juego se construyeron los tratamientosde regulación externa o multa, comunicación antes de cada ronda, la continuación con laextracción bajo el libre acceso y la declaración públic

The Collagen Origin Influences the Degradation Kinetics of Guided Bone Regeneration Membranes

This work was supported by: (1) the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and European Regional Development Fund [Project PID2020-114694RB-100 MINECO/AEI/FEDER/UE], (2) University of Granada/Regional Government of Andalusia Research Fund from Spain and European Regional Development Fund (A-BIO-157-UGR-18/FEDER).Collagen membranes are currently the most widely used membranes for guided bone regeneration; however, their rapid degradation kinetics means that the barrier function may not remain for enough time to permit tissue regeneration to happen. The origin of collagen may have an important effect on the resistance to degradation. The aim of this study was to investigate the biodegradation pattern of five collagen membranes from different origins: Biocollagen, Heart, Evolution X-fine, CopiOs and Parasorb Resodont. Membranes samples were submitted to different degradation tests: (1) hydrolytic degradation in phosphate buffer saline solution, (2) bacterial collagenase from Clostridium histolyticum solution, and (3) enzyme resistance using a 0.25% porcine trypsin solution. Immersion periods from 1 up to 50 days were performed. At each time point, thickness and weight measurements were performed with a digital caliper and an analytic microbalance, respectively. ANOVA and Student–Newman–Keuls tests were used for comparisons (p < 0.05). Differences between time-points within the same membranes and solutions were assessed by pair-wise comparisons (p < 0.001). The Evolution X-fine collagen membrane from porcine pericardium attained the highest resistance to all of the degradation tests. Biocollagen and Parasorb Resodont, both from equine origin, experienced the greatest degradation when immersed in PBS, trypsin and C. histolyticum during challenge tests. The bacterial collagenase solution was shown to be the most aggressive testing method.Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness PID2020-114694RB-100European Commission PID2020-114694RB-100 A-BIO-157-UGR-18/FEDERUniversity of Granada/Regional Government of Andalusia Research Fund from Spain A-BIO-157-UGR-18/FEDE

In Vitro Biodegradation Pattern of Collagen Matrices for Soft Tissue Augmentation

This work was supported by: (1) the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the European Regional Development Fund (Project PID2020-114694RB-100 MINECO/AEI/FEDER/UE), (2) the University of Granada/Regional Government of Andalusia Research Fund from Spain, and the European Regional Development Fund (A-BIO-157-UGR-18/FEDER). This research is part of C.V.'s PhD research study.Collagen matrices have become a great alternative to the use of connective tissue grafts for soft tissue augmentation procedures. One of the main problems with these matrices is their volume instability and rapid degradation. This study has been designed with the objective of examining the degradation of three matrices over time. For this purpose, pieces of 10 10 mm2 of Fibro-Gide, Mucograft and Mucoderm were submitted to three different degradation tests— (1) hydrolytic degradation in phosphate buffer solution (PBS); (2) enzyme resistance, using a 0.25% porcine trypsin solution; and (3) bacterial collagenase resistance (Clostridium histolyticum)—over different immersion periods of up to 50 days. Weight measurements were performed with an analytic microbalance. Thickness was measured with a digital caliper. A stereomicroscope was used to obtain the matrices’ images. ANOVA and Student–Newman–Keuls tests were used for mean comparisons (p < 0.05), except when analyzing differences between time-points within the same matrix and solution, where pair-wise comparisons were applied (p < 0.001). Fibro-Gide attained the highest resistance to all degradation challenges. The bacterial collagenase solution was shown to constitute the most aggressive test as all matrices presented 100% degradation before 14 days of storage.Ministry of Economy and CompetitivenessEuropean Commission PID2020-114694RB-100 A-BIO-157-UGR-18/FEDERUniversity of Granada/Regional Government of Andalusia Research Fund from Spai

Terracotas en Terra Sigillata Hispánica. Reflexión a partir de un nuevo ejemplar en Augusta Emerita (Mérida, Badajoz)

En el presente trabajo se da a conocer un nuevo ejemplar de terracota con decoración pintada y manufacturado en TSH. El interés del estudio radica en ser una de las únicas piezas de este tipo halladas en la Península Ibérica, el aparecer en una excavación de reciente realización y en presentar un acabado pictórico.El análisis de la pieza se realizará en clave iconográfica, funcional, técnica y cronológica.In this paper we study iconographically, functionally and chronologically a terracotta made in Hispanic Terra Sigillata. It was found in a funerary context in Augusta Emerita. This is a figure in round that appears mutilated and which has the peculiarity of being painted, something uncommon in the ceramic repertoire at that time in the Iberian Peninsula. Also we took the opportunity to raise a new interpretative hypothesis on this finding as an oriental deity and to analyze similar examples produced in the other figlinae in the Iberian Peninsula

The Hispanic Terra Sigillata Terracottas. Remarks from a New Figure Found in Augusta Emerita (Mérida, Badajoz, Spain)

En este trabajo abordamos el estudio en clave iconográfca, funcional y cronológica de un ejemplar de terracota elaborado en Terra Sigillata Hispánica (TSH). Éste apareció en un contexto funerario en Augusta Emerita. Se trata de una fgura de bulto redondo mutilada y que presenta la peculiaridad de estar pintada, algo no muy frecuente en el repertorio de la TSH. Aprovechamos además la ocasión para plantear una nueva hipótesis interpretativa sobre este hallazgo como representación de una deidad oriental y analizamos otros ejemplares similares producidos en las otras fglinae peninsularesIn this paper we study iconographically, functionally and chronologically a terracotta made in Hispanic Terra Sigillata. It was found in a funerary context in Augusta Emerita. This is a fgure in round that appears mutilated and which has the peculiarity of being painted, something uncommon in the ceramic repertoire at that time in the Iberian Peninsula. Also we took the opportunity to raise a new interpretative hypothesis on this fnding as an oriental deity and to analyze similar examples produced in the other fglinae in the Iberian Peninsul