Geometria urbana e ilha de calor noturna : análise baseada em um modelo numérico

A geometria urbana é uma das causas do fenômeno da ilha de calor, pois provoca alteração do balanço energético nas cidades. Essa pesquisa visa identificar um raio de abrangência adequado para a determinação da influência térmica da geometria urbana. Para isso explora ferramentas de um Sistema de Informações Geográficas, aplicando um modelo numérico (o modelo de Oke), que relaciona a geometria urbana e a intensidade da ilha de calor. Dados térmicos reais são comparados a dados simulados para diferentes raios de abrangência. Os resultados apontaram que o raio de 30 m é o que em média permite maior aproximação entre dados reais e dados simulados. Além disso, verificou-se que o modelo aplicado demonstra comportamento diferenciado, conforme o grau de homogeneidade das alturas das edificações

Uma ferramenta para cálculo da máxima intensidade da ilha de calor noturna

O objetivo deste artigo é verificar a influência da geometria urbana na intensidade de ilhas de calor noturnas com uso de uma ferramenta computacional desenvolvida como extensão de um SIG. O método deste trabalho está dividido em três principais etapas: desenvolvimento da ferramenta, calibração do modelo e simulação de cenários hipotéticos com diferentes geometrias urbanas. Um modelo simplificado que relaciona as intensidades máximas de ilha de calor urbana (ICUmáx) com a geometria urbana foi incorporado à subrotina de cálculo e, posteriormente, adaptado para fornecer resultados mais aproximados à realidade de duas cidades brasileiras, as quais serviram de base para a calibração do modelo. A comparação entre dados reais e simulados mostraram uma diferença no aumento da ICUmáx em função da relação H/W e da faixa de comprimento de rugosidade (Z0). Com a ferramenta já calibrada, foi realizada uma simulação de diferentes cenários urbanos, demonstrando que o modelo simplificado original subestima valores de ICUmáx para as configurações de cânions urbanos de Z0 < 2,0 e superestima valores de ICUmáx para as configurações de cânions urbanos de Z0 ≥ 2,0. Além disso, este estudo traz como contribuição à verificação de que cânions urbanos com maiores áreas de fachadas e com alturas de edificações mais heterogêneas resultam em ICUmáx menores em relação aos cânions mais homogêneos e com maiores áreas médias ocupadas pelas edificações, para um mesmo valor de relação H/W. Essa diferença pode ser explicada pelos diferentes efeitos na turbulência dos ventos e nas áreas sombreadas provocados pela geometria urbana.The aim of this paper is to verify the influence of urban geometry in the intensity of nocturnal heat islands using a computational tool developed as an extension of a GIS. The method is divided into three main stages: development of the tool, calibration of the model, and simulation of hypothetical scenarios with different urban geometries. A simplified model that relates the maximum intensities of urban heat island (ICUmáx) with urban geometry was incorporated into the sub-routine and subsequently adapted to provide reliable results in relation to two Brazilian cities, which were the basis for the model calibration. A comparison between real and simulated data show a difference in the growth of the ICUmáx as a function of H/W ratio and of the roughness length range (Z0). With the previously calibrated tool, a simulation of different urban settings was performed, demonstrating that the original simplified model underestimates ICUmáx values for urban canyons settings of Z0 < 2,0 and overestimates ICUmáx values for urban canyons settings of Z0 ≥ 2,0. In addition, this study brings a contribution to finding that urban canyons with larger areas of facades and more heterogeneous heights of buildings result in lower ICUmáx in relation to more homogeneous canyons with highest average areas occupied by the buildings, for the same H/W ratio. This difference can be explained by the different effects on the turbulence of the wind and the shaded areas caused by urban geometry

A GIS extension model to calculate urban heat island intensity based on urban geometry

This paper presents a simulation model, which was incorporated into a Geographic Information System (GIS), in order to calculate the maximum intensity of urban heat islands based on urban geometry data. The method-ology of this study stands on a theoretical-numerical basis (Okeâ s model), followed by the study and selection of existing GIS tools, the design of the calculation model, the incorporation of the resulting algorithm into the GIS platform and the application of the tool, developed as exemplification. The developed tool will help researchers to simulate UHI in different urban scenarios.CAPES -Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superio

Physicochemical and microstructural properties of composite edible film obtained by complex coacervation between chitosan and whey protein isolate

The aim of this work was to study the potential application of edible films obtained by complex coacervation promoted by the electrostatic interactions between positively charged chitosan (CH) 3% (w/w) and negatively charged whey protein isolate (WPI) 3% (w/w). Preliminary assays of turbidimetry were made in order to find the optimal CH-to-WPI mass ratio for the complex coacervation. The maximum turbidity was obtained in the CH:WPI mass ratio of 0.1:1 (w/w). The dispersions of CH/WPI (both at 3 % (w/w)), WPI 5 % (w/w) and CH 3% (w/w) were analyzed by Cryo-scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-SEM) and the micrograph of CH/WPI coacervate presented a more compact network structure than dispersions of individual biopolymers. The composite CH/WPI films were prepared, characterized and their performance and physicochemical properties were compared with those of CH or WPI films, in terms of water vapor permeability (WVP), mechanical properties, solubility, sorption isotherms, optical properties, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results revealed that the incorporation of small amounts of CH in the matrix of WPI led to form a composite film with higher tensile strength, lower deformation, malleability, flexibility, solubility and WVP in comparison to the mono-component WPI and CH films. The CH incorporation resulted in a decrease in equilibrium moisture content of the CH/WPI film and the Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) model of sorption data indicated isotherms of type II. All the films presented a homogeneous structure, color transparency, which is desired in food applications and packaging technology.This work was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UID/BIO/04469/2020 and UID/QUI/50006/2020 units; the work was also supported by BioTecNorte operation (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004) funded by the European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte 2020 - Programa Operacional Regional do Norte.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Effects of camptothecin derivatives and topoisomerase dual inhibitors on Trypanosoma cruzi growth and ultrastructure

BACKGROUND: Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiological agent of Chagas’ disease that is an endemic disease in Latin America and affects about 8 million people. This parasite belongs to the Trypanosomatidae family which contains a single mitochondrion with an enlarged region, named kinetoplast that harbors the mitochondrial DNA (kDNA). The kinetoplast and the nucleus present a great variety of essential enzymes involved in DNA replication and topology, including DNA topoisomerases. Such enzymes are considered to be promising molecular targets for cancer treatment and for antiparasitic chemotherapy. In this work, the proliferation and ultrastructure of T. cruzi epimastigotes were evaluated after treatment with eukaryotic topoisomerase I inhibitors, such as topotecan and irinotecan, as well as with dual inhibitors (compounds that block eukaryotic topoisomerase I and topoisomerase II activities), such as baicalein, luteolin and evodiamine. Previous studies have shown that such inhibitors were able to block the growth of tumor cells, however most of them have never been tested on trypanosomatids. RESULTS: Considering the effects of topoisomerase I inhibitors, our results showed that topotecan decreased cell proliferation and caused unpacking of nuclear heterochromatin, however none of these alterations were observed after treatment with irinotecan. The dual inhibitors baicalein and evodiamine decreased cell growth; however the nuclear and kinetoplast ultrastructures were not affected. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our data showed that camptothecin is more efficient than its derivatives in decreasing T. cruzi proliferation. Furthermore, we conclude that drugs pertaining to a certain class of topoisomerase inhibitors may present different efficiencies as chemotherapeutical agents

O ENSINO REMOTO DURANTE A PANDEMIA: DESAFIOS E PERSPECTIVAS PARA PROFESSORES E ALUNOS

Devido ? pandemia do novo coronav?rus, surgiu a necessidade de um plano de ensino remoto em car?ter de emerg?ncia. Com a implanta??o do ensino remoto emergencial, surgem muitas d?vidas, levantamos a seguinte quest?o norteadora: Quais os desafios enfrentados por professores e alunos com a implanta??o do ensino remoto? A realiza??o dessa pesquisa se deu a partir de question?rio com os seguintes enunciados: 1.?Eu sou?. Esclarecendo esta quest?o, nela, cada sujeito se identificou como professor ou aluno; 2. ?Para voc?, quais os maiores desafios enfrentados durante o ensino remoto??; 3. ?Em sua opini?o, quais poss?veis estrat?gias deveriam ser adotadas para amenizar tais desafios??. O objetivo geral de nosso artigo ? o de analisar os desafios enfrentados por professores e alunos da Escola Cidad? Integrais T?cnica Professor Br?ulio Maia J?nior, localizada em Campina Grande ? PB. Utilizamos as teorias de Moore & Kearsley (2007) e fizemos reflex?es sobre as leis relacionadas ? nossa tem?tica, tais como a Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educa??o Nacional (LDB), Lei n? 9.394, de 20 de dezembro de 1996, e tamb?m a Portaria 343 do Minist?rio da Educa??o (MEC) de 17 de mar?o de 2020. A metodologia empregada neste trabalho foi de natureza qualitativa e o instrumento para coleta de dados foi o question?rio via Google Forms. Ao final da pesquisa, constatamos que professores est?o aprendendo novas formas de ensinar e de avaliar seus alunos ? fora das paredes da sala de aula ? a partir de diversas ferramentas. E alunos est?o percebendo que ser aluno vai muito al?m de ir ? escola todos os dias e que, para aprender no mundo digital precisam de organiza??o, dedica??o e planejamento

Water use in Citrus: effect on porosity in water retention in a “Latossolo vermelho-escuro” of Northeast of Estado de Sao Paulo

[Abstract] The objective of this research was to study the porosity, bulk density and retention of water of an Oxisol, located in the Northwestern region of São Paulo state, Brazil. The soil was cultivated with Citrus sp., to which green manure was applied between rows for three years. Each of six species of green manure crops (Crotalaria junceaL., Mucunade eringian a Steph. & Bart., Canavalia ensiformis L. DC., Cajanus cajan L., Lablab purpureum L. and Ricinus communis L.) were seeded for three years (1995, 1996 and 1997) between Citrus rows, plus a treatment with a mix of all six species and a control (natural regrowth af vegetation). The experimental design was a randomized complete block design, with four replications for each of the eight treatments. Water retention, microporosity, macroporosity, total porosity and bulk density were analyzed in the beginning (1995) and end (1997) of the experiment, at three depth ranges (0-0.10; 0.10-0.20 and 0.20-0.40m). We concluded that there were statistically significant differences for bulk density, macroporosity, total porosity and retention of water among the different soil depth ranges; there were no significant differences among treatments though

Pectinolytic activity of Aspergillus section Nigri strains

Pectinases are a heterogeneous group of related enzymes that hydrolyze pectic substances present mostly in plants. Pectinases are produced by plants, fungi, yeasts and bacteria. Filamentous fungi are good producers of pectinolytic enzymes (e.g., exopolygalacturonase (exo-PG) and endopolygalacturonase (endo-PG) and Aspergillus niger is the most commonly used fungal species for industrial production of pectinolytic enzymes. The application of pectinolytic enzymes plays an important role in food technology. In juice production, these enzymes have been used to improve the yield, decrease the viscosity, clarify the juices and make them more stable. In this context, the concept of using filamentous fungi and row and cheaper materials for pectinase production is an important parameter in technological development. In the present study a microplate method was developed for a rapid screening of Aspergillus strains. Fifty-tree strains of Aspergillus section Nigri obtained from the University of Recife Mycology (URM) culture collection and 8 of the Micoteca da Universidade do Minho (MUM) culture collection were used. Orange peel was the unique carbon source in the composition of the culture medium. The samples were incubated at 25 ºC for 120 h. After 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h the exo-PG and endo-PG were assessed using absorbance colorimetric and decrease in viscosity methods, respectively. The utilization of orange peel allowed the detection of exo-PG and endo-PG activity for all strains studied. The maximum exo-PG and endo-PG activity was obtained by strain URM5162 to the values 4.37 U and 2.13 U, respectively. This method and substrate may be useful to reduce the time for selecting promising strains and in reducing the enzyme production costs. The strain is now being used in a bioreactor and the enzymes and their mechanisms are also under further investigation

MUSICOTERAPIA RECEPTIVA NO TRATAMENTO DA DOR CRÔNICA

O presente estudo tem como objetivo descrever o trabalho da Musicoterapiacom o alí­vio da dor. A pesquisa apresenta cunho descritivo e bibliográfico. Um dos objetivosespecí­ficos da pesquisa é também um levantamento bibliográfico sobre dor crônica, músicae dor crônica, Musicoterapia e dor crônica. Na literatura são encontradas algumas outrastécnicas com a utilização da música e da musicoterapia no alí­vio da dor crônica, sãoelas: Arrastamento; música pré-escolhida e música preferida; audição de música clássica,técnica em "U" e Entrainment. Essas técnicas trazem alguns benefí­cios fisiológicos comoa redução significativa da atividade da banda delta no giro cingulado da dor, diminuiçãoda ansiedade, diminuição de sintomas depressivos e do consumo de agentes ansiolí­ticos.Apresenta ainda o deslocamento do foco da atenção da dor para longe do estí­mulo da dor,e efeitos relevantes na atividade da banda-gama em cortes somatossensoriais primáriose secundários. A Musicoterapia relata várias contribuições no alí­vio da dor, dentre elas atécnica Entrainment que demanda o estabelecimento da criação mental da imagem auditivada dor de forma precisa. O tempo de exposição a esses sons, e a avaliação da intensidadeda dor (antes e depois da experiência sonora), foram eficazes, a julgar pelo resultadopositivo após a exposição à técnica, melhorando a qualidade de vida, de quem se beneficia,mesmo após um ano.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Dor. Música. Musicoterapia