An experimental low Reynolds number comparison of a Wortmann FX67-K170 airfoil, a NACA 0012 airfoil and a NACA 64-210 airfoil in simulated heavy rain

Wind tunnel experiments were conducted on Wortmann FX67-K170, NACA 0012, and NACA 64-210 airfoils at rain rates of 1000 mm/hr and Reynolds numbers of 310,000 to compare the aerodynamic performance degradation of the airfoils and to attempt to identify the various mechanisms which affect performance in heavy rain conditions. Lift and drag were measured in dry and wet conditions, a variety of flow visualization techniques were employed, and a computational code which predicted airfoil boundary layer behavior was used. At low angles of attack, the lift degradation in wet conditions varied significantly between the airfoils. The Wortmann section had the greatest overall lift degradation and the NACA 64-210 airfoil had the smallest. At high angles of attack, the NACA 64-210 and 0012 airfoils had improved aerodynamic performance in rain conditions due to an apparent reduction of the boundry layer separation. Performance degradation in heavy rain for all three airfoils at low angles of attack could be emulated by forced boundary layer transition near the leading edge. The secondary effect occurs at time scales consistent with top surface water runback times. The runback layer is thought to effectively alter the airfoil geometry. The severity of the performance degradation for the airfoils varied. The relative differences appeared to be related to the susceptibility of each airfoil to premature boundary layer transition

I Synthesis and dynamic studies of bifunctional compounds having potential intramolecular interactions II Controlled release antifouling coatings: Approaches to controlled release of gamma-decanolactone and 2-hexanoylfuran into seawater

I. Potentially reactive, bifunctional compounds 1 and 127 have been studied, and both compounds have been found to undergo rapid base-catalyzed degenerate topomerization. The topomerization processes, which in the case of 1 represents a degenerate transamidation and in the case of 127 a degenerate transesterification, have been studied in acetonitrile-d\sb3 and D\sb2O under a variety of conditions by the DNMR method. In both cases, the presence of a stable tetrahedral anion intermediate can be inferred from analysis of NMR and IR spectra. In the case of 1, the unusually high rate of topomerization can be attributed to the presence of a transannular donor-acceptor interaction and a strained urea functionality. In 127, the rate enhancement is attributed to a favorable entropic situation with respect to an intermolecular reaction of the same type. In addition to the base catalysis studies, acid-catalysis studies of other amino-ureas such as 9 and 10 were carried out in D\sb2O. The rate of topomerization of 10 was slow on the NMR time scale under acid catalysis. The rate of topomerization of 9 could be quantified by a 2D NMR method. II. The release characteristics of biofouling inhibitors 160 and 161 from various ablative and nonablative matrices into artificial seawater have been studied. The goal of these release experiments was to achieve 30-day controlled, sustained release of inhibitor from a matrix into artificial seawater at a level which was considered effective to inhibit fouling of marine surfaces. It was found that encapsulation of 161 in a polymeric matrix and dispersion of 161-containing capsules in a vinyl, nonablative coating provided a successful method for achieving this goal. Release rates of inhibitors 160 and 161 from various matrices are summarized and discussed

How Do Law Students Really Learn? Problem-Solving, Modern Pragmatism, and Property Law

Edward Rabin and Roberta Kwall had student learning in mind when they wrote Fundamentals of Modern Real Property Law. Rabin and Kwall\u27s casebook is an attractive and effective road map for students as they journey through a course (and a body of legal principles and issues) that typically intimidates many law students in virtually every law school

Privatization of Public Water Services: The States\u27 Role in Ensuring Public Accountability

The privatization of public water services in the United States has grown dramatically in recent years in response to political and ideological interest in privatizing public services, arguments about economic efficiencies, and the realities of overwhelming public costs related to water quality standards, infrastructure upgrade needs, and operational complexities. Many states have expressly enacted statutes authorizing municipalities to transfer services, operation and management, and even ownership of public water systems to private firms. This article systematically evaluates the status of water privatization in the U.S., the legal authority for privatization and its limits, and the most common and significant issues in water privatization. These issues include: 1) the unique characteristics of water services; 2) operational efficiency and capital cost savings; 3) rates; 4) service quality and reliability, and water quality; 5) take-or-pay contracts; 6) long-term capital investment, maintenance, and public agency capacity; 7) environmental protection and impact; 8) global commerce in water; 9) security of water supplies and terrorism; 10) equity; 11) public employees; 12) public opinion; and 13) the limited authority of regional public water institutions. The article makes a case for a state legislation to protect the public and ensure accountability to the public when public water systems are considering privatization. It identifies specific model elements of a comprehensive state statute governing water privatization, including considerations when evaluating privatization proposals and conditions that should be imposed on private water firms. The article takes the position that the term privatization can mean any number of different arrangements, which are neither inherently good nor bad. The desirability of privatization arrangements depends on the context, the need, the nature of the arrangement, and legal controls imposed to ensure accountability to the public

The will-to-incapacitate: An experiment in actuarial justice in the period between 1970 and 1987 in the United States.

This thesis interrogates incapacitation as it developed in the 1970s and 1980s in the United States to conduct a genealogy of the conditions of emergence of actuarial justice (Foucault, 1981; Feeley and Simon, 1992; 1994) as it is enacted within this particular knowledge-power formation. Incapacitation is a penal rationale that concentrates on anticipating future crimes, and preventing offenders from committing crimes, effectively prioritizing public safety above all other considerations. My mapping of incapacitation demonstrates that it is recursively performed along two mutually conditioning poles that are illustrative of Foucault’s account of biopolitics and security (1978, 2003, 2007). These poles are: technocratic penal managerialism, which regulates the actions of diverse agents and authorities as they participate in a program of reducing recidivism within a mobile population of offenders; and, danger management of this distributed population of offenders, driven by a desire to anticipate and selectively incapacitate the most dangerous offenders. This analysis supports the mapping of actuarial justice provided by Feeley and Simon; however, my typology uses Galloway’s (2004) concept of protocol, to extend and refine their diagram about actuarial power. Given the high levels of scientific uncertainty about the efficacy of selective incapacitation as a penal policy, and the poor predictive powers of actuarial instruments in accurately classifying high-rate offenders in the early 1980s, my analysis demonstrates how protocollary power established the rules for modulating the participation of autonomous and diverse agents that are enlisted within the distributed networks of actuarial justice to propel its movement forward, this being the birth of evidence-based penal policy and practice. This protocol projects an ontological view of recidivism derived from criminal career research that filters and experiments with probabilistic actuarial codes or profiles of risk. These biopolitical codes regulate future research into advancing knowledge, predicting and controlling levels of dangerousness, and auditing of governmental performance in reducing recidivism, all of which are contingent upon the anticipatory longitudinal tracking of an aleatory population of offenders within the penal environment. Protocol is a biopolitical form of management that is central in the logistical control of this penal network and its nodes of operation and decision-making, constantly mining data for new possibilities. At the same time, I demonstrate that this will-to knowledge uses its technocratic expertise to distort, exaggerate, or conceal difference in its struggle for authority given high levels of uncertainty about recidivism and how to control it

High Resolution Imaging and the Formation of Stars and Planets

Understanding the formation of stellar and planetary systems is one of the great challenges of contemporary astrophysics. This thesis describes progress towards understanding these processes, through advancement of techniques to enable high resolution imaging of faint companions and other structures in the immediate environs of young stars. To ensure optimal performance in an era of large segmented telescopes, techniques to precisely cophase the mirror segments are required. In this thesis we propose the Fizeau Interferometric Cophasing of Segmented Mirrors algorithm, and present the results of testing both numerically and through experiment. We help to rectify a lack of observational evidence with which to test brown dwarf evolutionary models, by laying the foundation for an orbital monitoring survey of 19 brown dwarf binary systems and reporting the discovery of an additional 7 low mass companions to intermediate mass stars. We perform a Non-Redundant Masking (NRM) survey targeting the 1\,Myr old Ophiuchus star forming region. Both binary statistics and the relationship between multiplicity and the presence of a circumstellar disk are explored, providing many results similar to those from older regions. This helps frame the time evolution of effects related to dynamical interactions in binary systems, and the timescale of disk dissipation, with profound implications for giant planet formation. In thesis we also present the results of commissioning for the Gemini Planet Imager Non-Redundant Masking mode. These results indicate that the addition of an Extreme Adaptive Optics systems has substantially improved the performance of NRM compared to previous instruments. Finally, the transition disk T Cha is studied with multi-epoch NRM data, showing that the signal previously interpreted as a planetary companion is more likely to be the result of forward scattering from the inclined outer disk