Investigating the borders of autism spectrum disorder: lessons from the former diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified

IntroductionAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) diagnosis is relatively consensual in typical forms. The margins of the spectrum and their degree of extension, however, are controversial. This has far-reaching implications, which extend beyond theoretical considerations: first, peripheral forms of autism are more prevalent than central forms; second, we do not know how relevant typical-targeted recommendations are for atypical forms. In DSM-IV-TR, these margins of autism were studied within the category of Pervasive Developmental Disorder – Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). In spite of its low reliability, this former diagnosis was of particular interest to shed light on the gray area of margins. The aim of this systematic is therefore to investigate the clinical characteristics of PDD-NOS in comparison with Autistic Disorder.MethodA stepwise systematic PRISMA literature review was conducted by searching PubMed and Web Of Science databases to select corresponding studies.ResultsThe systematic review included 81 studies comprising 6,644 children with PDD-NOS. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies comparing PDD-NOS and AD showed that PDD-NOS corresponds to milder form of autism with less impact and less associated disorder, with the exception of schizophrenia and mood disorder.DiscussionOur review challenges initial views of PDD-NOS, and shows the clinical relevance of this diagnosis when dealing with the margins of autism, and the de facto diversity included in the spectrum. However, in view of the many limitations of PDD-NOS (low reliability, instability through time, low acceptability), we suggest taxonomic changes in DSM-5: we introduce a new category based on three main dimensions related to socialization impairment, emotional lability and psychotic symptoms.ConclusionOur review argues for a distinction between AD and PDD-NOS on clinical characteristics and thus highlights the need to study the margins of autism. While the limitations of the PDD-NOS category made it irrelevant to investigate these margins from a research perspective, we believe that a multidimensional approach for mental health professionals taping socialization, emotion lability and psychotic symptoms would be interesting. Our review therefore encourage future studies to test relevant criteria for a new category and possibly identify developmental trajectories, specific interventions and treatments

The specificities of the self in adults with autism spectrum disorder

Dès les descriptions princeps des Troubles du Spectre de l’Autisme (TSA), l’accent a été mis sur les perturbations de l’identité subjective qu’il est possible d’étudier grâce à la conceptualisation de Conway qui fait interagir le self et la mémoire autobiographique. En nous basant sur ce modèle, nous avons exploré les spécificités du self dans les TSA Sans Déficience Intellectuelle (TSASDI) à travers l’étude de ses dimensions subjectives, conceptuelles et structurelles. Nos résultats retrouvent une atteinte du self au niveau structurel mais pas conceptuel ou subjectif. De plus, nous avons montré une atteinte de la fonction sociale de la mémoire autobiographique et que les images de soi sociales appartenant au self étaient associées à des souvenirs qualitativement différents. Nos résultats nuancent l’altération de la composante épisodique de la mémoire autobiographique et invitent à préciser l’influence des relations sociales sur le self et la mémoire autobiographique dans ces troubles.Since first descriptions of Autism, disorders of self have been seen as key symptoms. The Self-Memory System put forward by Conway describes the reciprocal relationships between the self and autobiographical memory. This model was the theoretical background of our investigations of the specificities of the self in adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder without Intellectual Deficiency. We addressed three issues: structural aspects, concepts and subjective characteristics of the self. Our results showed an impairment of structural aspects of self while concepts and subjective characteristics were spared. Indeed, we found that the social function of autobiographical memory was altered and that social self-images belonging to self-concepts were related to qualitatively different memories. Our results challenge the episodic autobiographical memory deficit classically reported and encourage new researches to explore the impact of social relationships on the self and autobiographical memory

Les spécificités du self dans les troubles du spectre de l'autisme sans déficience intellectuelle à l'âge adulte

Since first descriptions of Autism, disorders of self have been seen as key symptoms. The Self-Memory System put forward by Conway describes the reciprocal relationships between the self and autobiographical memory. This model was the theoretical background of our investigations of the specificities of the self in adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder without Intellectual Deficiency. We addressed three issues: structural aspects, concepts and subjective characteristics of the self. Our results showed an impairment of structural aspects of self while concepts and subjective characteristics were spared. Indeed, we found that the social function of autobiographical memory was altered and that social self-images belonging to self-concepts were related to qualitatively different memories. Our results challenge the episodic autobiographical memory deficit classically reported and encourage new researches to explore the impact of social relationships on the self and autobiographical memory.Dès les descriptions princeps des Troubles du Spectre de l’Autisme (TSA), l’accent a été mis sur les perturbations de l’identité subjective qu’il est possible d’étudier grâce à la conceptualisation de Conway qui fait interagir le self et la mémoire autobiographique. En nous basant sur ce modèle, nous avons exploré les spécificités du self dans les TSA Sans Déficience Intellectuelle (TSASDI) à travers l’étude de ses dimensions subjectives, conceptuelles et structurelles. Nos résultats retrouvent une atteinte du self au niveau structurel mais pas conceptuel ou subjectif. De plus, nous avons montré une atteinte de la fonction sociale de la mémoire autobiographique et que les images de soi sociales appartenant au self étaient associées à des souvenirs qualitativement différents. Nos résultats nuancent l’altération de la composante épisodique de la mémoire autobiographique et invitent à préciser l’influence des relations sociales sur le self et la mémoire autobiographique dans ces troubles

Grandir avec un frère ou une soeur souffrant d'autisme

L'objectif de cette thèse, préparatoire à une recherche, était de faire une revue de la littérature sur un thème encore mal connu et dont l'importance n'échappe pas à tout clinicien impliqué sur le terrain de l'autisme. L'auteur a choisi d'aborder son sujet méthodiquement, en commençant par étudier la relation fraternelle en général puis la fratrie confrontée au handicap de l'un des siens. Il a ensuite fait un large inventaire des données de la littérature concernant les frères et sœurs d'enfants autistes à travers différents points de vue: génétique, neuropsychologique, cognitif (en terme de représentation de la maladie et du handicap) et surtout psychosociaux. Cet ensemble de données montre bien qu'un handicap psychique d'un frère ou d'une sœur, en particulier quand il s'agit d'autisme, malmène durement le lien fraternel au point d'avoir des conséquences sur la santé mentale de la fratrie si plusieurs facteurs de risque s'accumulent. Ces données justifient pleinement d'avoir une perspective thérapeutique globale de l'enfant autiste et de sa famille et une certaine vigilance à l'égard des frères et sœurs. Cette vigilance vise surtout à éviter que ces derniers ne soient transformés en soignants ou en malades, et par la même à conforter le lien fraternel Ce travail, qui interroge plusieurs niveaux de lecture souvent présentés comme antagonistes, est un plaidoyer pour une vision authentiquement pluridisciplinaire de la psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent.NANCY1-Bib. numérique (543959902) / SudocSudocFranceF

Feasibility, Acceptability and Preliminary Efficacy of Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Autistic Adults without Intellectual Disability

Self-harm and suicidal behaviors are prevalent among autistic adults without intellectual disability (ID). Emotion dysregulation (ED), the difficulty in modulating emotions, has been identified as an important risk factor. Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) has been proved effective to treat ED in disorders other than autism spectrum disorder. Our study aimed at assessing the feasibility, acceptability and preliminary efficacy of DBT in seven autistic adults without ID exhibiting self-harm and/ or suicidal behaviors linked to severe ED. Our results suggest that DBT is feasible and highly acceptable to autistic adults without ID. Additionally, mean scores on the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale decreased significantly post-treatment and at 4-month follow-up, suggesting that DBT might be efficacious in reducing ED in this population

Souvenirs autobiographiques des expériences réputées délirantes et leur relation au soi dans le continuum psychotique

International audienceBACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Delusions are usually anchored in past events associated with abnormal experiences or delusional interpretations of personal events. The characteristics of the memory of these experiences may contribute to maintain delusional beliefs by providing confirmatory evidence for the delusions. However, these aspects have not been investigated properly.METHOD: Seventeen patients with schizophrenia were examined in study 1 during a face-to-face interview. The second study used a web-based design and included 83 participants without a psychotic disorder. Participants were asked to rate the vividness, emotional intensity and valence, and the centrality to the self of memories of delusion-like experiences (that were cued by means of the Peters et al. Delusional Inventory, PDI; Peters, Joseph, Day, & Garety, 2004) and positive and negative memories used as comparators.RESULTS: In both studies, the memories of delusion-like experiences were less vivid, less emotionally intense than positive (but not negative) memories and emotionally neutral. Their centrality to the self did not differ from that of positive and negative memories. Moreover, the severity of delusions in study 1 and delusion-proneness in study 2 were significantly correlated with vividness, emotional intensity, and centrality of memories of delusion-like experiences.LIMITATIONS: The accuracy of memories of delusion-like experiences could not be checked making it difficult to distinguish them from delusional memories. The sample size was small in study 1.CONCLUSIONS:Our results point to reciprocal relationships between delusions, self, and autobiographical memories of delusion-like experiences that are similar within the psychosis continuum and that may be involved in the maintenance of delusions

Determinants of the evolutions of behaviours, school adjustment and quality of life in autistic children in an adapted school setting: an exploratory study with the International Classification of Functioning, disability and health (ICF)

International audienceBackground: Previous studies about Quality of Life (QoL) in autistic children (ASD) have put forward the negative impact of factors such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) severity, psychiatric comorbidities and adaptive behaviour impairment. However, little is known about the relation of these factors to school adjustment, measured with the International Classification of Functions disability and health (ICF) framework (World Health Organization, 2001), and QoL evolutions. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the determinants of behaviours, school adjustment and QoL changes in 32 children in an ASD inclusion program over one academic year.Methods: Using Bayesian methods, we studied the impact of ASD severity, psychiatric comorbidities, adaptive behaviour level and a diagnosis of Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) on evolutions of behaviour, school adjustment (measured with the ICF) and QoL.Results: As predicted, adequate adaptive behaviour levels were associated with better progress of behaviours and school adjustment whereas psychiatric comorbidities were related to worse outcome of school adjustment. Contrary to our hypotheses, severe ASD was associated to better evolution of adjustment at school. PDA was not discriminant. We did not find any association between the studied factors and the evolution of QoL over the academic year.Conclusion: Our results show that the assessment of adaptive behaviour levels, psychiatric comorbidities and ASD severity level may be useful predictors to discriminate of school adjustment evolution (assessed by teachers within the ICF model) over a one-year period in autistic children. The assessment of this time course of school adjustment was sensitive to change and adapted to differentiate evolutions in an inclusive education framework. The investigation of quality of school life of autistic children as well as its determinants may therefore be relevant to improving academic adaptation. However, further research in larger groups, over longer periods and in different personalized school settings for autistic children is needed