Les vaccins méningococciques du groupe C

Le nombre de cas d'infection ménigococciques causées par Neisseria meningitidis de sérogroupe C a considérablement augmenté depuyis 1995. Cette méningite touche toutes les classes d'âge, mais ces dernières années une proportion grandissante d'infections se développe chez les nourrissons et les enfants pour lesquels les vaccins polysaccharidiques simples déjà existant n'induisent pas une protection immunitaire suffisante. Pour pallier ce problème, les polysaccharides de vaccins monogococciques C sont désormais conjugués à une protéine porteuse pouvant être l'anatoxine diphtérique ou tétanique. Le résultat est convaincant, ces vaccins permettnt d'obtenir dès l'âge de 2 mois une protection immunitaire et une mémoire immunologique à long terme. Cepeandant, la vaccination contre le méningocoqie C n'est pas obligatoire, ni prise en charge par la Sécurité sociale et son coût reste élevé. Dès lors, seuls les pays développés peuvent soutenir le surcoût de cette vaccination. Et de façon contradictoire, les pays pauvres, où la méningite frappe le plus, sont alors démunis. Des prigrès restent donc à faire pour la vaccination, aussi bien en terme de coût, de procédé d'administration (diminuer le nombre d'injections, autre voie d'administration), et d'immunité à savoir augmenter la protection immunitaire et sa durée. L'idéal serait de mettre au point un vaccin méningococcique protégeant contre tous les sérogroupes et efficaces dans la classe d'âge extrêmes. De plus nous devons faire face à l'apparition de variants génétiques permettant ainsi à la bactérie d'échapper à l'immunité vaccinale.CHATENAY M.-PARIS 11-BU Pharma. (920192101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Plate waste increases with the number of foods proposed: An exploratory experimental study in adolescents’ school canteens

International audienc

Effect of food supply on the detoxification in the blue mussel,

The objective of this study was to identify a possible effect of food on the acceleration of decontamination in blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, containing diarrhetic toxins belonging to the okadaic acid (OA) structural group. An experimental protocol was designed to describe and compare the decontamination kinetics and detoxification rates of naturally OA-contaminated mussels that had either received or not received food for three weeks. The protocol was applied in two trials (in June 2006 and June 2007, called Ker06 and Ker07), conducted one year apart on samples of mussels collected in the same area, at the same season. Okadaic acid (OA), the main lipophilic toxin produced by the toxic alga Dinophysis acuminata, was analysed over the course of the decontamination, in hydrolysed (total OA) and non hydrolysed (free OA) digestive gland extracts, in order to estimate acyl-esters (7-O-acyl-ester derivatives of OA) concentrations. OA analyses were also made for toxin presence in biodeposits and in the aqueous phase. Bivalve physiological status was evaluated by biomass measurements (dry weight of flesh) and two biochemical compounds (total lipid and glycogen concentrations). Measured physiological parameters showed that mussels did not suffer under experimental conditions. Both trials showed that the food accelerated the elimination of free and total OA. This effect cannot be attributed to a dilution of the toxin in the tissue, as results expressed in toxin burden led to the same conclusion. The kinetic models of decontamination differed between the two experiments: the model was linear for Ker06, provided that the values corresponding to the first two days were discarded, whereas data fitted a decreasing exponential curve better in Ker07. Detoxification rates increased as the food supply increased. After three weeks of experimentation, the detoxification rates for total OA in Ker06 and Ker07 were 52 and 61%, respectively, in unfed mussels and 90 and 89% in fed mussels (with the highest level in Ker07). Comparisons between the free OA and esters showed that detoxification rate was higher for free OA than for esters, whatever the level of food supply. The results of this study suggest that food increase probably accelerates elimination of OA and OA-esters but the latter are eliminated at a lower speed

[Lead exposure in pregnant women and newborns: a screening update.]

Human lead exposure has many sources. Relative importance of these sources varies widely according to geographic regions and human lifestyle. The impact of lead exposure on health has been well studied and public health interventions have been conducted. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate current prevalence of lead burden in neonates, and seek for sources of maternal and fetal intoxication. POPULATION AND METHODS: A prospective multicentre study was conducted by the "R?au p?natal 92" on a population of pregnant women attending 3 maternal wards in the north of 'Hauts-de-Seine' department in France. Between December 2003 and May 2004, a total of 1021 pregnant women were included. All patients signed an informed consent before participating in the study. Cord blood samples were collected at delivery for lead measurements. RESULTS: The mean cord blood lead concentration was 23.2 mug/l. Eighteen neonates over 1021 (1.8%) had lead levels above 100 mug/l. An environmental query was conducted by the social and public health office of the department (DDASS), and data were collected regarding the state of the housing and the lifestyle of the concerned family. Main sources of lead intoxication were 'tagine' food plates in 83.3% of cases, 'kh?powder (used as eyeliner) in 88.9% of cases and substandard housings in 22.2% of cases. A specialized paediatric follow-up for the 18 neonates was performed. CONCLUSION: With the exception of substandard housing (old lead painting), other sources of lead intoxication were discovered: 'tagine' plates and 'kh?powder. Almost all of these products came from Morocco. A public health intervention would be able to inform the population about these yet unknown sources of lead intoxication

Odnos porabnikov do akcijskih nakupov kot oblike pospeševanja prodaje

Optimization of Carnobacterium divergens V41 growth and bacteriocin activity in a culture medium deprived of animal protein, needs for food bioprotection, was performed by using a statistical approach. In a screening experiment, 12 factors (pH, temperature, carbohydrates, NaCl, yeast extract, soy peptone, sodium acetate, ammonium citrate, magnesium sulfate, manganese sulfate, ascorbic acid and thiamine) were tested for their influence on the maximal growth and bacteriocin activity using a two-level incomplete factorial design with 192 experiments performed in microtiter plate wells. Based on results, a basic medium was developed and three variables (pH, temperature and carbohydrates concentration) were selected for a scale-up study in bioreactor. A 23 complete factorial design was performed, allowing the estimation of linear effects of factors and all the first order interactions. The best conditions for the cell production were obtained with a temperature of 15°C and a carbohydrates concentration of 20 g/l whatever the pH (in the range 6.5–8), and the best conditions for bacteriocin activity were obtained at 15°C and pH 6.5 whatever the carbohydrates concentration (in the range 2–20 g/l). The predicted final count of C. divergens V41 and the bacteriocin activity under the optimized conditions (15°C, pH 6.5, 20 g/l carbohydrates) were 2.4 × 1010 CFU/ml and 819200 AU/ml respectively. C. divergens V41 cells cultivated in the optimized conditions were able to grow in cold-smoked salmon and totally inhibited the growth of Listeria monocytogenes (< 50 CFU g−1) during 5 weeks of vacuum storage at 4 and 8°C

Odour quality of spray-dried hens’ egg powders: The influence of composition, processing and storage conditions

International audienceThis study aimed to determine whether compositional or processing parameters have an influence on the odour quality of egg powders. The parameters tested were: whole egg vs. egg yolk, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) enrichment, spray-drying temperature (160 degrees C vs. 180 degrees C), production scale (industrial vs. pilot plant), storage temperature (15 degrees C vs. 30 degrees C) and time (1, 2, 4 and 8 months). The quality of egg powders was evaluated by sensory analysis using free sorting, and by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and olfactometry. PUFA enrichment and spray-drying temperature do not affect the odour of egg yolk powders. There are significant differences between the odour of whole-egg and egg-yolk powders as well as between powders produced on an industrial scale or in a pilot plant. An increase in the odour intensity of egg powders was observed during storage, while unpleasant odours were perceived when the egg powders were stored at 30 degrees C. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

STUDIES OF INTERACTION BETWEEN DISSOLVED METALS AND THEIR SPECIATION AND PHYTOPLANKTON IN A CONTINUOUS FLOW PHOTOBIOREACTOR

particiapantHalf of the world primary productivity is due to marine phytoplankton. Factors that affect the physiology of these organisms are therefore very important to understand plankton dynamics in the global ocean coastal and pelagic settings. Depending on local conditions, metallic micronutrients can be limiting (e.g., Fe in HNLC areas) and affect plankton population structure. While iron is a pivotal micronutrient that impacts global primary productivity, interactions of other metals with phytoplankton have also gained attention. Among these interactions are the potential effects of increased trace metals on plankton dynamics and vice versa. In order to examine the impact of other trace metals upon selected phytoplankton species, we furthered the development of an already existing continuous flow photobioreactor to make it compatible with trace-metal-clean conditions and neutral with respect reduced sulfur gases which were examined. The effect on reduced sulfur dynamics has global relevance because a fraction of this pool (dimethylsulfide) is gaseous and after fluxing into the atmosphere, it is active in Earth's solar radiation balance. Experimenting with mono-specific continuous cultures, we examined the effects of environmentally relevant, dissolved Ag and Cd concentration and speciation on the growth of Isochrysis isogalbana and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Results acquired so far suggest that while increased Ag and Cd levels have little effect on the growth of these phytoplankton species, they have one reduced sulfur release. Effects of pCO2 on culture growth and metal speciation were also investigated. Preliminary results of the photobioreactor and this suite of experiments will be presented